Dakotadad x-93 uis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/24/supreme-court-5-sup-0003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7237332/ Sat, 24 Oct 2009 20:49:28 +0200 Beforethebigbang Andersons trial took place in South Dakotas Minnehaha County Circuit Court during the first week of March 1999. The attorneys representing his case were John A. Schlimgen and Mike Butler. Deputy Attorney General Larry Long headed the prosecution team and Judge Tim Dallas Tucker presided over the case. The entire trial lasted approximately one month. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire During the proceedings Shainas testimony was never heard, although her description of the events that took place on July 29, 1996 was presented to the court. Eyewitnesses, Andersons friends and his one-time cellmate Brunner also testified. The evidence against Anderson was overwhelming. The defense didnt stand a chance. On April 6th, a jury of eight men and eight women quickly returned their verdict. Anderson was found guilty on four counts including, the rape and murder of Piper and the kidnapping and murder of Larisa. Three days later, the same jury sentenced Anderson to death by lethal injection. Robert Anderson in prison garb Robert Anderson in prison garb Andersons friend Walker was tried for his crimes in March 2000. He pled guilty to the attempted kidnapping of Amy Anderson, accessory to kidnapping and first-degree murder and conspiracy to kidnap Larisa Dumansky. He received a total of 30 consecutive years behind bars at the South Dakota State Penitentiary. In January 2002, Anderson filed for a death sentence appeal with the South Dakota Supreme Court. According to the Aberdeen News, his lawyers presented 18 issues in their appeal. Some of the arguments raised included a secret deal between prosecutors and Jamie Hammer in exchange for testimony. Anderson complained that he was not tried separately for the abduction and murder of Larisa, nor did he did get the chance to confront Shaina and that he was denied his right to make a statement to the jurors before his penalty was handed down. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The Supreme Court met to discuss Andersons appeal in March 2002. The court would finally make their decision in May 2003, but Anderson would never hear the final results. On March 30th, while awaiting the outcome of his appeal, Robert Leroy Anderson committed suicide. Joe Kafka of the Associated Press claimed that Anderson was not in his death-row cell but was alone in a segregation cell when he was found hanging by a sheet tied to a bar. He was placed in isolation because he was found in possession of a razor blade. It was likely that he obtained the blade to use as a weapon of self-destruction. Approximately three months before Anderson killed himself, his father also committed suicide. He died from a gunshot wound to his head. His fathers actions may have been the catalyst, which prompted him to take his own life. Kafka quoted Larry Long saying that, Theres a lot of women who will sleep better knowing that this guy is deceased. Kafka further quoted Pipers husband Vance saying, This is what we were after anyway. It just saved some time and effort. After Anderson committed suicide, The Supreme Court of South Dakota dismissed his appeal. Court documents suggested that they would have upheld Andersons criminal convictions anyway. Another factor in his suicide could have been that he knew his appeal would have been denied. 7237332 2009-10-24 20:49:28 2009-10-24 20:49:28 open open supreme-court-5-sup-0003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7237332 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo car 3.car.93993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/18/car-3-car-93993-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7190961/ Sun, 18 Oct 2009 00:47:29 +0200 Beforethebigbang It was Saturday, August 27, 1977, at a Sears store in St. David's. A cashier was at the Ticketron counter selling tickets and money orders. When a courier showed up, she handed over that day's receipts to him. As Wambaugh wrote in Echoes in the Darkness, "There was a deposit slip for a large amount in checks and there was another for $34,073 in cash. The young woman brought the bags as well as the Brink's logbook for the courier to sign. The courier signed the name 'Carl S. Williams' and received the bag of checks and money.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire "Five minutes later, the young woman was interrupted by yet another Brink's courier who insisted that he had come for the day's deposits. "'But you were already here,' the confused cashier informed him." It is likely a sick feeling grew in the pit of the cashier's stomach as the truth slowly dawned on her." On another Saturday in another Sears store, one in the Neshaminy Mall near Bensalem, another puzzling courier incident took place. It was December 17, 1977, and a clerk turned a courier's identification card over to the assistant head cashier. The latter took the ID to an office to compare it to a list of couriers. The name, Albert J. Wharton, checked out. Then she compared the signature on the card to that of Wharton's signature. They were alarmingly dissimilar. The wary woman went to the now suspect uniformed courier and asked, "Did you bring our money? We ordered coins and one-dollar bills to carry us over a few days." "Had a very heavy demand today," he calmly replied. "Had to put it on another truck." The assistant head cashier tried to keep her cool. She did not want this man to know that she suspected he was a phony. "Just a few minutes," she told him before scurrying back to her office. From there she made an announcement over the Sears store's public address system. It was in a code that she hoped the "courier" would not understand. "Eight hundred call for operator thirty-nine," she said. The fake courier sensed danger and headed for her office as another cashier shouted, "You can't go in there!" Walking fast, he knocked another clerk down just before he burst into that office. "I want my card!" he screamed in a menacing manner. "I don't have to take this type of treatment! I'll just go back downstairs and send somebody else up! But I want my card!" He grabbed it out of her hand and made a hurried exit, running through the store and down the escalator. In February 1978, Jay Smith's daughter, Stephanie Hunsberger, and her husband Eddie, paid a visit to the home of his parents, Pete and Dorothy Hunsberger. It was Eddie's custom to visit his parents regularly. But several weeks later, the elder Hunsbergers heard nothing from their son. Dorothy Hunsberger contacted Smith, who told her that he had seen the couple recently. They had told him that they were going to California because Pennsylvania had a warrant out for Eddie's arrest. Dorothy checked with authorities and there was no warrant out. Later she discussed the baffling disappearance with Jay's wife who was very sick and dying from cancer at the time. "Oh my God!" Stephanie moaned, "I hope Jay didn't do them in!" Dorothy was chilled by the remark. She hoped it was said out of a drug- or illness-induced fog. The last Upper Merion faculty meeting was the scene of news that many welcomed: Dr. Jay Smith was leaving their institution. He said he was getting another job in administration. School was out on the evening of August 19, 1978, when a young couple on a date in Tredyffrin Township went to the Gateway Shopping Center to enjoy some pizza. They were sitting on a curb when they noticed a brown Ford Granada stopping next to a Chevrolet van. A tall man got out of the Ford and looked through the window of the van. The young man and woman looked at each other, sensing something wrong. Without a word, they hurried to a nearby phone. The young man called the police. Within a few minutes of their report, two police officers, a sergeant and a lieutenant, spotted a Ford Granada resembling the one described on a radio broadcast. The driver was steering recklessly and the police pulled him over. "May I see your driver's license, sir?" the sergeant requested. "It's in the car," the man replied. "Drop it!" the lieutenant shouted. He had seen the Ruger in the driver's hand. "Drop it now!" "Oh, my goodness!" the driver said and let go of his gun.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The incident was especially frightening to the lieutenant because, as quoted in Echoes in the Darkness, "I couldn't fire even after the first command. I was carrying a hot load in my gun and sergeant was right behind the guy. I was scared I'd blast through him and blow away my partner." The gunman they arrested was 55-year-old Dr. Jay Smith. A variety of items were found in his car, including four loaded handguns, a hood mask, a bolt cutter and a syringe filled with a tranquilizing drug. He had explanations. He needed guns to scare some people who had harassed him. The syringe must belong to his drug-addicted son-in-law, he said. Many other items of interest to law enforcement were found in the suspect's home. Several packets of marijuana were there, keeping company with a few illegal pills. Four gallons of nitric acid, which authorities determined had been stolen from his school, and office equipment that had been reported missing from the Upper Merion school district were found in Smith's house. He also had badges and uniforms like those worn by Brink's security guards and stolen army I.D. cards. Several firearm silencers were there. Smith also hoarded pornography with a heavy preference for bestiality. 7190961 2009-10-18 00:47:29 2009-10-18 00:47:29 open open car-3-car-93993-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7190961 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo moche 5.moc.002002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/16/moche-5-moc-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7184171/ Fri, 16 Oct 2009 20:17:16 +0200 Beforethebigbang Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The Moche civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc.) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 A.D. to 800 A.D., during the Regional Development Epoch. While this is still the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state but rather as a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture as seen in the rich iconography and monumental architecture that survive today. They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted ceramics, gold work, monumental constructions (huacas) and irrigation systems.[1] Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods – the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (AD 100–300), its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche (AD 300–600), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (AD 500–750).[2] Moche society was agriculturally based with a significant level of investment in the diversion of river water into a network of irrigation canals. Their culture was sophisticated and their artifacts document their lives with detailed scenes of hunting, fishing, fighting, sacrifice, sexual encounters and elaborate ceremonies. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The Moche cultural sphere is centered around several valleys on the north coast of Peru – Lambayeque, Jequetepeque, Chicama, Moche, Virú, Chao, Santa, and Nepena. The Huaca del Sol, a pyramidal adobe structure on the Rio Moche, had been the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru; however, it was partly destroyed when Spanish Conquistadors mined its graves for gold. Fortunately the nearby Huaca de la Luna has remained largely intact – it contains many colorful murals with complex iconography and has been under excavation since the early 1990s. Other major Moche sites include Sipan, Pampa Grande, Loma Negra, Dos Cabezas, Pacatnamu, San Jose de Moro, the El Brujo complex, Mocollope, Cerro Mayal, Galindo, Huancaco, and Panamarca. 7184171 2009-10-16 20:17:16 2009-10-16 20:17:16 open open moche-5-moc-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7184171 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo House 5.hou.993993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/12/house-5-hou-993993-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7156921/ Mon, 12 Oct 2009 21:56:27 +0200 Beforethebigbang The House Divided Speech was an address given by Abraham Lincoln (who would later become President of the United States) on June 16, 1858, in Springfield, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Illinois, upon accepting the Illinois Republican Party's nomination as that state's United States senator. The speech became the launching point for his unsuccessful campaign for the Senate seat against Stephen A. Douglas, which included the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. The speech created a lasting image of the danger of disunion because of slavery, and it rallied Republicans across the North. Along with the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address, this became one of the best-known speeches of his career. The speech contains the quotation "A house divided against itself cannot stand," which is taken from Matthew 12:25: "Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand." Lincoln was referring to the division of the country between slave and free states. The "house divided" phrase had been used by others before. Eight years before Lincoln's speech, during the Senate debate on the Compromise of 1850, Sam Houston had proclaimed: "A nation divided against itself cannot stand." The most well-known passage of the speech is: “ "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South. 7156921 2009-10-12 21:56:27 2009-10-12 21:56:27 open open house-5-hou-993993-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7156921 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo deserves 5.des.003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/10/deserves-5-des-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7140580/ Sat, 10 Oct 2009 22:47:12 +0200 Beforethebigbang At last I have run L. Blanc to earth and at the same time found out why I could never get hold of him. Just listen — this little literary lord receives visitors only on Thursdays! and then only in the afternoon! Of this he never informed me, either directly or through his doorkeeper. I found him, of course, surrounded by a crowd of jackasses, amongst whom Ramon de La Sagra, who gave me a pamphlet which I shall send on to you. [R. de La Sagra, Organisation du travail] I have not yet read it. However I was finally able to have a few minutes’ talk with him about our affairs. He reluctantly admitted that he had not yet had time to read your book [The Poverty of Philosophy] ... I have Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire leafed through it and seen that M. Proudhon is attacked with some acerbity. — Well then, will you be able to write the article for the Réforme you promised us? — An article, good gracious no, I'm so hard pressed by my publishers — but I'll tell you what to do: write the article yourself and I'll see that it appears in the Réforme. This was then agreed. After all you'll lose nothing by it. At least I'll present our views more correctly than he would have done. I shall draw a direct, parallel between these and his own — that is the most that can be done: naturally a conclusion detrimental to the Réforme cannot be drawn in the Réforme itself. I shall see to this forthwith.[194] Why didn’t you tell Bornstedt not to write to the Réforme about your thing? My article was finished when Bornstedt’s appeared in the Réforme along with the Chartist things [an item about Marx’s speech at the meeting of the Brussels Democratic Association on 9 January 1848, published in La Réforme on 19 January, along with Engels’ report The Chartist Movement] whose publication I was awaiting before taking mine in. It was appreciably longer than the brief notice in which, to boot, your name is distorted. ['Man’ instead of ‘Marx'] I told Flocon he must correct the printer’s error; he had not done so yesterday and I haven’t seen today’s Réforme. It is of little moment anyhow. As soon as your speech [On the Question of Free Trade] appears, send me 4-5 copies for the Réforme, L. Blanc, de La Sagra (for the Démocratie pacifique), etc.; I can now make a longer article of it as the notice was so abominably brief. As for L. Blanc, he deserves to be castigated. Write a review of his Révolution for the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung and prove to him in practice how far above him we are; the form amicable, but the content leaving no doubt as to our superiority. We'll see that it reaches him. The petty sultan must be made to quake a little. The theoretical aspect, alas, is for the time being our only strength, but this carries much weight in the eyes of these champions of science sociale, of the law of sufficient production etc. Comical, these fellows, with their chasing after this unknown law. They wish to find a law by which they will increase production tenfold. Like the wagoner in the fable, they seek a Hercules who will drag the social wagon out of the mire for them. Yet there Hercules is, in their own hands. The law of sufficient production consists in one’s ability to produce suffisamment. If they cannot do so, no magic formula will avail. Inventors who take out a brevet [patent] do more for production suffisante than the whole of L. Blanc with his profound, high-flying aspirations to la science. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire I wrote Bernays a very ironical letter in reply to his last, expressing regret that his impartiality should have robbed me of the ultimate consolation — that of being a beautiful soul misunderstood — à la Praslin. [allusion to Bernays, Die Ermordung der Herzogin von Praslin] Raising his eyebrows reproachfully, he returns me the note,[195] observing that this marks the end of our correspondence. Sela [The end]. Otherwise nothing new. Write soon. 7140580 2009-10-10 22:47:12 2009-10-10 22:47:12 open open deserves-5-des-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7140580 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo eisermann 4.eis.003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/04/eisermann-4-eis-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7097223/ Sun, 04 Oct 2009 16:47:27 +0200 Beforethebigbang There is little to be said about the Straubinger business here. The main thing is that the various differences I have had to thrash out with the lads hitherto are now settled: Grün’s chief follower and disciple, Papa Eisermann, has been chucked out, the rest, so far as their influence over the great majority is concerned, have been completely routed, and I have carried through a unanimous resolution against them. Briefly this is what happened: The Proudhonian association scheme was discussed on three evenings. At the beginning I had nearly the whole clique against me and at the end only Eisermann and the three other Grünians. The main thing was to prove the necessity for revolution by force and in general to reject as anti-proletarian, petty-bourgeois, and Straubingerian Grün’s true socialism, which had drawn new strength from the Proudhonian panacea. In the end I became infuriated by my opponents’ endless repetition of the same arguments and really pitched into the Straubingers, which aroused great indignation among the Grünians but succeeded in eliciting from the worthy Eisermann an open attack on communism. Whereupon I lashed him so mercilessly with my tongue that he never showed his face again. I now made use of the lever – the attack on communism – provided by, Eisermann, the more so since Grün never ceased his intrigues, going from workshop to workshop, summoning the people to come to him on Sundays, etc., etc., and, on the Sunday’ following the above-mentioned session, was himself so abysmally stupid as to attack communism in the presence of 8-10 Straubingers. I therefore declared that, before I took part in any further discussion, the question of whether or not we were meeting here as communists must be put to the vote. If the former were the case, we must see to it that attacks on communism such as those made by Eisermann never recur; if the latter, and if they were simply a random collection of individuals who had met to discuss a random selection of subjects, I would not give a fig for them, nor would I ever return. This aroused much horror among the Grünians who, they said, foregathered here for ‘the good of mankind’, for their own enlightenment, men of progress and not biased system-mongers, etc., etc., the description ‘a random collection’ being in no way applicable to such respectable company. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Moreover, they first wanted to know what communism really was (these curs, who for years have called themselves communists and only deserted out of fear of Grün and Eisermann, these two last having used communism as a pretext for worming their way in among them!). Of course I did not allow myself to be caught by their amiable request to tell them, ignorant as they were, in 2 or 3 words what communism was. I gave them a highly simple definition which went as far as and no further than the foregoing points at issue, which, by positing community of goods, ruled out, not only peacefulness, tenderness and consideration for the bourgeoisie and/or the Straubinger fraternity, but also and finally the Proudhonian joint-stock society along with its retention of individual property and all that this involves; a definition which, furthermore, contained nothing that could give rise either to divagations or to any circumvention of the proposed vote. I therefore defined the aims of communists as follows: 1. to ensure that the interests of the proletariat prevail, as opposed to those of the bourgeoisie; 2. to do so by abolishing private property and replacing same with community of goods; 3. to recognise no means of attaining these aims other than democratic revolution by force. Two evenings were spent discussing this. During the second, the best of the 3 Grünians, sensing the mood of the majority, came over to me unreservedly. The other two kept contradicting each other without being aware of the fact. Several chaps, who had never spoken before, suddenly opened their traps and declared themselves unequivocally for me. Up till then Junge had been the only one to do so. Some of these homines novi [new men], although trembling with fear lest they dry up, spoke quite nicely and all in all seem to have quite a sound intellect. In short, when it was put to the vote, the meeting was declared to be communist in accordance with the above definition by 13 votes to 2, the latter being those of the pair who had remained true to Grün – one of whom subsequently declared himself exceedingly eager to be converted. Thus a clean sweep has at last been made and we can now begin, so far as is possible, to do something with these fellows. Grün, who was easily able to extricate himself from his financial predicament because the principal creditors were those same Grünians, his principal followers, has gone down a great deal in the opinion of the majority and of some of his followers and, despite all his intrigues and experiments (e. g. attending the Barrière meetings wearing a cap, etc., etc.), has been a resounding failure with his Proudhonian society. Had I not been there, our friend Ewerbeck would have fallen for it. La tête baissée [with his eyes shut]. One could hardly help but admire Grün’s stratagem! Doubting his chaps’ intelligence, he tells them his stories over and over again until they can rattle them off from memory. After every session-nothing was easier, of course, than to reduce such an opposition to silence-the whole defeated gang went scuttling off to Grim, told him what I had said-naturally all of it distorted-, and had their armoury renewed. When next they opened their traps, one could always tell from the first couple of words exactly what the whole sentence would be. In view of this tale-bearing, I was careful not to provide the fellows with anything general which might assist Mr Grün in further embellishing his true socialism; nevertheless, writing not long ago in the Kölner on the occasion of the Geneva Revolution, the cur exploited and variously distorted sundry things I had said to the Straubingers, whereas here in Paris he had drummed the opposite into them. He is now engaged in political economy, the worthy man. You’ll have seen Proudhon’s book advertised. I shall get hold of it one of these days; it costs 15 fr. so it’s too expensive to buy. The above-mentioned audience, before whom the performance took place, consists of approx. 20 cabinet-makers, who otherwise foregather only at the Barrière and then with all and sundry, having no really closed association of their own, save for a choral club, though some also belong to the rump of the League of the Just. If we could assemble openly we would soon have over 100 chaps from the cabinet-makers alone. I know only a few of the tailors-who also attend the cabinet-makers’ meeting. Nowhere in Paris have I been able to find out anything at all about blacksmiths and tanners. Not a soul knows anything about them. Not long ago Kriege, as one of the just, laid his report before the ‘Halle’ (central authority). Of course I read the missive; but since this constituted a breach of the oath, for which the penalty is death by dagger, rope or poison, you must nowhere record same in writing. The letter proves, just as did his riposte to our attack, that he had benefited greatly from the latter and that he was now more concerned with the things of this world. He gave a long account of their difficulties. The first instalment of this American Straubingers’ story concerned their misfortunes – evidently Kriege was at the helm and his management of the money side was big-hearted to say the least, the Tribun was given away, not sold, the funds consisted in charitable gifts, in short, by trying to re-enact Chapters III-VI of the Acts of the Apostles not even omitting Ananias and Sapphira, they finally found themselves up to their eyes in debt. The second period, in which Kriege became simply the ‘registrar’, other chaps having apparently taken over the financial side, was that of recovery. Instead of appealing to the fulness of men’s hearts, they now appealed to their lightly tripping feet and to their ± uncommunist side generally, discovering to their surprise that all the money they needed could be raised by organising balls, picnics, etc., etc., and that human frailty could be exploited for the benefit of communism. Pecuniarily speaking, they were now thoroughly flush. Among the ‘obstacles’ they had to overcome, the doughty Tecklenburger also counts the manifold calumnies and aspersions they, amongst others, had had to endure ‘and this recently at the hands of the “communist” philosophers in Brussels’. For the rest he indulges in some trivial prattle against the colonies, recommends ‘Brother Weitling’ to them (i. e. to his most inveterate foes), but for the most part remains fairly down-to-earth, if also somewhat unctuous, and only from time to time is there a little sighing about brotherliness, etc. Do you get the Réforme there? If you don’t read it, let me know and I will send you accounts of anything special that appears in it. For the past four days it has been picking on the National for refusing to express unconditional approval of a petition for electoral reform which is circulating here. This, the Réforme maintains, was entirely due to its partiality for Thiers. Not long ago it was rumoured here that Bastide and Thomas had resigned from the National, leaving only Marrast, and that the latter had allied himself with Thiers. This was denied by the National. However, changes have been made in its editorial department, but I am not aware of the details; for the past year it is known to have been particularly well-disposed towards Thiers; now the Réforme is pointing out how greatly it has compromised itself by this partiality. Moreover, it is only opposition to the Réforme, which has of late led the National to commit follies such as denying, purely out of malice, and until it could do so no longer, etc., the story, first told by the Réforme, of the Portuguese counter-revolution.’ The Réforme is now at great pains to carry on a polemic no less brilliant than that of the National, but without success. Having got to this point in my letter, I once again went to the Straubingers, where the following transpired: Grün, too impotent to harm me in any way, is now having me denounced at the Barrière. Eisermann is attacking communism at the public Barrière meeting at which, owing to the presence of informers, no one, of course, can answer him back without incurring the risk of being thrown out; Junge answered him furiously (but yesterday we warned him against this). Thereupon Eisermann declared Junge to be the mouthpiece of a third person (myself, of course), who had suddenly irrupted amongst the people like a bomb, and he himself well knew how they were primed for the Barrière discussions, etc., etc. In short, what all his chatter amounted to was an out-and-out denunciation to the police; for four weeks ago the landlord in whose house the affair happened said: il y a toujours des mouchards parmi vous [There are always informers among you], and once, at that time, the police inspector also turned up. He accused Junge in so many words of being a ‘revolutionary’. Mr Grün was present throughout and prompted Eisermann on what to say. This was the dirtiest trick of all. According to the facts as I know them, I hold Grün fully responsible for everything Eisermann says. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire There’s absolutely nothing to be done about it. That numskull Eisermann cannot be attacked at the Barrière because this would elicit yet another denunciation of the weekly meeting; Grün is too cowardly to do anything himself and in his own name. The only thing that can be done is to have it explained to the people at the Barrière that communism wasn’t discussed because that might have exposed the whole meeting to danger from the police. It’s high time I heard from you. 7097223 2009-10-04 16:47:27 2009-10-04 16:47:27 open open eisermann-4-eis-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7097223 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo tendered 5.ten.003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/10/04/tendered-5-ten-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7093978/ Sun, 04 Oct 2009 02:37:51 +0200 Beforethebigbang 7. they should change the §§ on the sharing of dividends into §§ on the sharing of losses, for, failing all this, they would go bankrupt already as a result of the celebrated principle of bearing the whole loss but sharing the profit. They would therefore have to do twice as much business as any other publisher in order to keep going — but the fact remains that hitherto all publishers dealing exclusively, or merely for preference, in banned works — Fröbel, Wigand, Leske — have, in the long run, been ruined: 1. by confiscation, 2. by being excluded from markets, which — always happens, 3. by sharp practice on the part of commission agents and retail dealers, 4. by police threats, prosecution, etc., 5. by competition from publishers who only occasionally Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire print something objectionable, who are therefore less subject to police interference and who, moreover, also have a better chance of obtaining manuscripts that will appeal, whereas the abovementioned stereotypes are left holding the rubbish and books that do not appeal. The book trade’s struggle with the police can be waged with profit only if large numbers of publishers take part in it; it is essentiellement guerrilla warfare, and one can only make money if one seldom takes such a risk. The market is not large enough to make a spécialité of the article. For the rest it makes no difference whether the company is ruined, for ruined it will be no matter what kind of start it makes; but where there’s a guarantee, it will be ruined too quickly, a high fever being induced with three crises, of which the third is certainly fatal. In view of the not over-copious supply of manuscripts to be expected, a mild consumption would be more appropriate. It’s only regrettable that too big a hole is made in its capital if it does its own printing. It ought to have sufficient to enable it to print for about 1 1/2 years; for supposing a capital of 3,000 talers expended in the first year, the Eastertide settlement would, given profitable trading, produce approx. 1/3, or a minimum of 2,000 talers. Hence for the second year it ought to have at least 1,000 talers over and above those 3,000 talers. Thus 1/3-1/4 of the capital is permanently tied up in remainders, bad payers, etc. It might be possible to raise this amount by inducing the shareholders to subscribe an additional loan repayable over a period. It is essential, by the way, to consult a publisher first, in order to find out exactly how much of the capital employed remains tied up at the end of the first year, or how much time it takes to turn the total capital over once. I am not sure about it myself, but I have reason to believe that in the above calculations I have underestimated rather than overestimated the capital permanently tied up. With his 20 per cent of the profits the manager will grow rich. Even if 10 per cent of any losses are passed to the reserve fund, there will be a handsome deficit. As for the consequences the guarantee would entail for the authors, the less said the better. In my opinion it should be refused if it is tendered in respect of longer works. Once the company has established itself on that basis, we could no longer offer other publishers anything without their believing that the company had turned it down. Quite apart from the fact that the same reasons for which we refused it to the Westphalians obtain here as well. Neither our honour nor our interest would incline us to accept. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire To particularise: 7 in the general purposes committee [Tendenzkomitee] is excessive, three, at most 5, is enough Otherwise we shall get jackasses on it, if not intriguers. The general purposes committee must after all be +- resident in Brussels. In which case, with 7 members, how can there be any choice? No reason at all to have so many. In any case it’s we who will have to do the work, and I am ready to take on my share, so what do we want with all those members? Besides, if it is the same with the opinions of the general purposes committee as with those of the Provincial Diets, [107] what then? All those written opinions will make a devil of a lot of work, but there could be no question of our getting out of it. As I said, I am ready to take on my share. QUERY: If the bourgeoisie nominates a truly socialist supervisory council, which passes outre [overrides] our opinions, what then? 7093978 2009-10-04 02:37:51 2009-10-04 02:37:51 open open tendered-5-ten-003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-7093978 publish 0 0 post 0 crises considerable 5.con.0030030 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/17/considerable-5-con-0030030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6980661/ Thu, 17 Sep 2009 03:13:38 +0200 Beforethebigbang From a consideration of all the evidence it would seem that Hitler's perversion is as Geli has described it. The great danger in gratifying it, however, is that the individual might get faeces or urine into his mouth. It is this danger that must be guarded against. Return to the womb. Another possibility in infantile thinking presents itself in this connection. When the home environment is harsh and brutal, as it was in Hitler's case, the small child very frequently envies the position of passivity and security the unborn child enjoys within the mother. This, in turn, gives rise to fantasies of finding a way in to the longed for claustrum and ousting his rival in order that he may take his place. These fantasies are usually of very brief duration because, as the child believes, he would have nothing to eat or drink except faeces and urine. The thoughht of such a diet arouses feelings of disgust and consequently he abandons his fantasies in order to avoid these unpleasant feelings. In many psychotics, however, these fantasies continue and strive to express themselves overtly. The outstanding bit of evidence in Hitler's case that such fantasies were present is to be found in the Kehlstein or Eagle's Nest which he has built for himself near Berchtesgaden. Interestingly enough, many people have, commented that only a madman would conceive of such a place, let alone try to build it. From a symbolic point of view one can easily imagine that this is a materialization of a child's conception of the return to the womb. First there is a long hard road, then a heavily guarded entrance, a trip through a long tunnel to an extremely inaccessible place. Then one can be alone, safe and undisturbed, and revel in the joys that Mother Nature bestows. It is also interesting to note that very few people have ever been invited there and many of Hitier's closest associates are either unaware of its existence or have only seen it from a distance. Extraordinarily enough, Francois-Poncet is one of the few people who was ever invited to visit there. In the French Yellow Book, he gives us an extremely vivid description of the place, a part of which may be worthwhile quoting:Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire "The approach is by a winding road about nine miles long, boldly cut out of the rock...the road comes to an end in front of a long underground passage leading into the mountain, enclosed by a heavy double door of bronze. At the far end of the underground passage a wide lift, panelled with sheets of copper, awaits the visitor. Through a vertical shaft of 330 feet cut right through the rock, it rises up to the level of the Chancellor's dwelling place. Here is reached the astonishing climax. The visitor finds himself in a strong and massive building containing a gallery with Roman pillars, an immense circular hall with windows all around,... It gives the impression of being suspended in space, an almost overhanging wall of bare rock rises up abruptly. The whole, bathed in the twilight of the autumn evening, is grandiose, wild, almost hallucinating. The visitor wonders whether he is awake or dreaming." (943) If one were asked to plan something which represented a return to the womb, one could not possibly surpass the Kehlstein. It is also significant that Hitler often retires to this strange place to await instructions concerning the course he is to pursue. Vegetarianism. We can surmise from the psychological defenses Hitler has set up, that there was a period during which he struggled against these tendencies. In terms of unconscious symbolism meat is almost synonomous with faeces and beer with urine. The fact that there is a strict taboo on both would indicate that these desires are still present and that it is only by refraining from everything symbolizing them that he can avoid arousing anxieties. Rauschning reports that Hitler, following Wagner, attributed much of the decay of cur civilization to meat eating. That the decadence "had its origin in the abdomen -- chronic constipation, poisoning of the juices, and the results of drinking to excess." This assertion suggests decay (contamination, corruption, pollution, and death) as the resultant of constipation, that is, feaces in the gastro-intestinal tract, and if this is so, decay might be avoided both by not eating anything resembling feaces and by taking purges or ejecting as frequently as possible. It has been reported that Hitler once said that he was confident that all nations would arrive at the point where they would not feed any more on dead animals. It is interesting to note that according to one of our most reliable informants Hitler only became a real vegetarian after the death of his niece, Geli. In clinical practice, one almost invariably finds compulsive vegetarianism setting in after the death of a loved object. We may, therefore, regard Hitler's perversion as a compromise between psychotic tendencies to eat faeces and drink urine on the one hand, and to live a normal socially adjusted life on the other. The compromise is not, however, satisfactory to either side of his nature and the struggle between these two diverse tendencies continues to rage unconsciously. We must not suppose that Hitler gratifies his strange perversion frequently. Patients of this type rarely do and in Hitler's case it is highly probable that he has permitted himself to go this far only with his niece, Geli. The practice of this perversion represents the lowest depths of degradation. Masochistic gratifications. In most patients suffering from this perversion the unconscious forces only get out of control to this degree when a fairly strong love relationship is established and sexuality makes decisive demands. In other cases where the love component is less strong the individual contents himself with less degrading activities. This is brought out cleariy in the case of Rene Mueller who confided to her director, Zeissler (921), who had asked her what was troubling her after spending an evening at the Chancelllory, "that the evening before she had been with Hitler and that she had been sure that he was going to have intercourse with her; that they had both undressed and were apparently getting ready for bed when Hitler fell on the floor and begged her to kick him. She demurred but he pleaded with her and condemned himself as unworthy, heaped all kinds of accusations on his own head and just grovelled around in an agonizing manner. The scene became intolerable to her and she finally acceded to his wishes and kicked him. This excited him greatly and he begged for more and more, always saying that it was even better than he deserved and that he was not worthy to be in the same room with her. As she continued to kick him he became more and more excited...." Rene Mueller committed suicide shortly after this experience. At this place it night be well to note that Eva Braun, his present female companion, has twice attempted suicide, Geli was either murdered or committed suicide and Unity Mitford has attempted suicide. Rather an unusual record for a man who has had so few affairs with women. Hanfstaengl, Strasser, and Rauschning, as well as several other informants, have reported that even in company when Hitler is smitted with a girl, he tends to grovel at her feet in a most disgusting manner. Here, too, he insists on telling the girl that he is unworthy to kiss her hand or to sit near her and that he hopes she will be kind to him, etc. From all this we see the constant struggle against complete degradation whenever any affectionate components enter into the picture. It now becomes clear that the only way in which Hitler can control these copraphagic tendencies or their milder manifestations is to isolate himself from any intimate relationships in which warm feelings of affection or love might assert themselves. As soon as such feelings are aroused, he feels compelled to degrade himself in the eyes of the loved object and eat their dirt figuratively, if not literally. These tendencies disgust him just as much as they disgust us, but under these circumstances they get out of control and he despises himself and condemns himself for his weakness. Before considering futher the effects of this struggle on his manifest behavior, we must pause for a moment to pick up another thread. Femininity. We notice that in all of these activities Hitler plays the passive role. His behavior is masochistic in the extreme inasmuch as he derives sexual pleasure from punishment inflicted on his own body. There is every reason to suppose that during his early years, instead of identifying himself with his father as most boys do, he identified himself with his mother. This was perhaps easier for him than for most boys since, as we have seen, there is a large feminine component in his physical makeup. His mother, too, must have been an extremely masochistic individual or she never would have entered into this marriage nor would she have endured the brutal treatment from her husband. An emotional identification with his mother would, therefore, carry him in the direction of a passive, sentimental, abasive and submissive form of adjustment. Many writers and informants have commented on his feminine characteristics - his gait, his hands, his mannerisms and ways of thinking. Hanfstaengl reports that when he showed Dr. Jung a specimen of Hitler's handwriting, the latter immediately exclaimed that it was a typically feminine hand. His choice of art as a profession might also be interpreted as a manifestation of a basic feminine identification. There are definite indications of such an emotional adjustment later in life. The outstanding of these is perhaps his behavior towards his officers during the last war. His comrades report that during the four years he was in service he was not only over-submissive to all his officers but frequently volunteered to do their washing and take care of their clothes. This would certainly indicate a strong tendency to assume the feminine role in the presence of a masculine figure whenever this was feasible and could be duly rationalized. His extreme sentimentality, his emotionality, his occasional softness and his weeping, even after he became Chancellor, may be regarded as manifestations of a fundamental feminine pattern which undoubtedly had its origins in his relationship to his mother. His persistent fear of cancer, which was the illness from which his mother died, may also be considered as an expression of his early identification with her. Although we cannot enter into a discussion concerning the frequency of this phenomenon in Germany, it may be well to note that there is sociological evidence which would indicate that it is probably extremely common. If further research on the subject should corroborate this evidence, it might prove of extreme value to our psychological warfare program insofar as it would give us a key to the understanding of the basic nature of the German male character, and the role that the Nazi organization plays in their inner life. Homosexuality. The great difficulty is that this form of identification early in life carries the individual in the direction of passive homosexuality. Hitler has for years been suspected of being a homosexual, although there is no reliable evidence that he has actually engaged in a relationship of this kind. Rauschning reports that he has met two boys who claimed that they were Hitler's homosexual partners, but their testimony can scarcely be taken at its face value. More condemning would be the remarks dropped by Foerster, the Danzig Gauleiter, in conversations with Rauschning. Even here, however, the remarks deal only with Hitler's impotence as far as heterosexual relations go without actually implying that he indulges in homosexuality. It is probably true that Hitler calls Foerster "Bubi", which is a common nickname employed by homosexuals in addressing their partners. This alone, however, is not adequate proof that he has actually indulged in homosexual practices with Foerster, who is known to be a homosexual. The belief that Hitler is homosexual has probably developed (a) from the fact that he does show so many feminine characteristics, and (b) from the fact that there were so many homosexuals in the Party during the early days and many continue to occupy important positions. It does seem that Hitler feels much more at ease with homosexuals than with normal persons, but this may be due to the fact that they are all fundamentally social outcasts and consequently have a community of interests which tends to make them think and feel more or less alike. In this connection it is interesting to note that homosexuals, too, frequently regard themselves as a special form of creation or as chosen ones whose destiny it is to initiate a new order. The fact that underneath they feel themselves to be different and ostracized from normal social contacts usually makes them easy converts to a new social philosophy which does not discriminate against them. Being among civilization's discontents, they are always willing to take a chance of something new which holds any promise of improving their lot, even though their chances of success may be small and the risk great. Having little to lose to begin with, they can afford to take chances which others would refrain from taking. The early Nazi party certainly contained many members who could be regarded in this light. Even today Hitler derives pleasure from looking at men's bodies and associating with homosexuals. Strasser tells us that his personal body guard is almost always 100% homosexuals.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire He also derives considerable pleasure from being with his Hitler Youth and his attitude towards them frequently tends to be more that of a woman than that of a man. There is a possibility that Hitler has participated in a homosexual relationship at some time in his life. The evidence is such that we can only say there is a strong tendency in this direction which, in addition to the manifestations already enumerated, often finds expression in imagery concerning being attacked from behind or being stabbed in the back. His nightmares, which frequently deal with being attacked by a man and being suffocated, also suggest strong homosexual tendencies and a fear of them. From these indications, however, we would conclude that for the most part these tendencies have been repressed, which would speak against the probability of their being expressed in overt form. On the other hand, persons suffering from his perversion sometimes do indulge in homosexual practices in the hope that they might find sexual gratification. Even this perversion would be more acceptable to them than the one with which they are afflicted. 6980661 2009-09-17 03:13:38 2009-09-17 03:13:38 open open considerable-5-con-0030030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6980661 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo tremendous 6.tre.00040004 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/13/tremendous-6-tre-00040004-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6957470/ Sun, 13 Sep 2009 21:13:05 +0200 Beforethebigbang Next time don’t write to me via Barmen again; Mother leaves the letters lying there until she writes herself, and that is often a long time. But what I wanted to write to you — only you must not write this home, for I want to surprise them with it next spring — I now have an enormous moustache and shall presently add to it a Henry IV and goatee beard. Mother will wonder when suddenly such a long, black-bearded fellow comes across the lawn. Next year, when I go to Italy, I too must look like an Italian. sketch of Sophie Leupold This is written by little Sophie Leupold who has just been to visit me in the office, while the Old Man [Heinrich Leupold] and Eberlein, who eats here in the house, are at a big dinner. Oh, I could tell you interesting things about this dinner, of engagements which are not yet public and of stolen kisses, but that is not for a girl in a boarding-school. You will learn it soon enough when we are back at home. Then I shall sit in the garden and you'll bring me a big mug of beer and a sausage sandwich, and then I shall say: See, my dear sister, because you have brought the beer out to me and because it is such a fine summer evening, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire I will tell you of a big dinner which was celebrated in the year 1840, on the twenty-ninth of the month of October, in Bremen, Martini number eleven, in the Royal Saxon Consulate. But now I can tell you only this much, that quite enormous quantities of Madeira, Port, Pouillac, Haut Sauternes, and Rhine wine will be drunk this lunchtime. For although there are only five gentlemen, they are all very good drinkers, almost as good as I. — At the moment there is a Free Market here, and although I have not the honour to be introduced to Her Royal Highness, a Grand Duchess, and many Most Serene Princesses, we still have our fun. I am fortunately so short-sighted that I do not even know what the several exalted, more exalted, and most exalted personages look like who had the honour to drive past me. When next time such a most gracious lady is introduced to you, do tell me whether she is pretty, otherwise such personages don’t interest me at all. Our noble town-hall cellar is now so well fitted out it couldn’t be better; you sit so comfortably between the barrels. Last Sunday we had a moustache evening there. For I had sent out a circular to all moustache-capable young men that it was finally time to horrify all philistines, and that that could not be done better than by wearing moustaches. Everyone with the courage to defy philistinism and wear a moustache should therefore sign. I had soon collected a dozen moustaches, and then the 25th of October, when our moustaches would be a month old, was fixed as the day for a common moustache jubilee. But I had a shrewd idea what would happen, bought a little moustache wax and took it with me; it was then found that one had a truly very fine but unfortunately quite white moustache, while another had been instructed by his principal to hack the criminal thing off. Enough, that evening we had to have at least a few, and those who had none had to paint themselves one. Then I got up and proposed the following toast: Moustaches always were the pride Of gallant gentlemen far and wide. Brave soldiers faced their country’s foes In brown or black mustachios. So, in these times of martial glory, Moustaches are obligatory. Philistines shirk the burden of bristle By shaving their faces as clean as a whistle. We are not philistines, so we Can let our mustachios flourish free. Long life to every Christian Who bears his moustaches like a man. And may all philistines be damned For having moustaches banished and banned. To this doggerel glasses were clinked with great enthusiasm, and then somebody else got up. His principal would not give him a key, and so he had to be home by ten o'clock, or he would not be let in. That is the plight of many a poor devil here. He said: A plague befall Principals all Who won’t hand over the key of the door. May flies and strands of hair infest Their supper plates for evermore And may their nights give them no rest. Thereupon there was more clinking of glasses. So it continued until ten o'clock, then those without keys had to leave, but we, the fortunate ones with keys, remained seated and ate oysters. I ate eight, but could not manage any more, I still don’t enjoy the things. Since you are so fond of calculations and even want to reward me for them with the Order of the Yellow Envelope, I shall graciously regale you with the remark that Courant now stands at 106 1/2 per cent, while a year ago it stood at 114. The louis d'or are falling so that anyone here in Bremen who had a million talers a year ago now only has 900,000, that is, 100,000 talers less. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Isn’t that tremendous? You still don’t write me anything of the screed for Ida [Engels], did you get it and have you passed it on or not? It would be awkward for me if I had not sent it and it had been left lying around and got into the hands of the Old Man. [Heinrich Leupold] So write to me and make it the long six-page letter you promised me. I shall return the compliment. Here on the envelope you shall again be regaled with a few calculations which you may take to heart. That I had to copy this letter out again is the fault of Herr Timoleon Miesegans in Bremen, the same one whom the Old Man once threw out of the house two years ago. Your respectful and devoted 6957470 2009-09-13 21:13:05 2009-09-13 21:13:05 open open tremendous-6-tre-00040004-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6957470 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo theologised 6.the.9920 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/11/theologised-6-the-9920-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6945480/ Fri, 11 Sep 2009 22:45:17 +0200 Beforethebigbang I am not of the same mind as Pastor Stier. — On October 29, after a jolly fair, and one involving a difficult, dreadful correspondence, which by chance went to Berlin, and after a letter to W. Blank, who had to wait a long time, I am at last free for a good friendly tussle with you. You seem to have dashed off your essay on inspiration in a bit of a hurry, for it is hardly to be taken literally when you write: The apostles preached the Gospel in its purity and that ceased after their death. Among the apostles you must in that case also count the author of the Acts of the Apostles and of the Epistle to the Hebrews and prove that the Gospels were actually written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, whereas in respect of the first three the opposite is established. Further you say: I don’t believe that we must look in the Bible for any other inspiration than when the apostles and prophets came forward and preached to the people. Good; but does it not again require inspiration to record those sermons correctly? And if you concede to me in this sentence that there are uninspired passages in the Bible, where will you draw the line? Take the Bible and read — you won’t want to have a line missing except where there are real contradictions; but these contradictions entail a mass of consequences; the contradiction, for instance, that the stay of the children of Israel in Egypt only lasted four generations, while Paul in the Epistle to the Galatians (nisi erro [if I am not mistaken]) gives 430 years [Galatians 3: 17], which even my pastor, [Georg Gottfried Treviranus] who is eager to keep me in the dark, admits is a contradiction. You will not tell me that Paul’s words don’t count as inspired because he mentions the matter incidentally and is not writing history — what do I care for a revelation in which such superfluous and useless things occur. But if the contradiction is acknowledged both may be equally wrong, and Old Testament history appears in an ambiguous light, as in general — everybody admits it, except Pastor Tiele in Oberneuland near Bremen-biblical chronology is hopelessly lost as far as inspiration is concerned. This ranks Old Testament history even more in the realm of mythology, and it will not be long before this is generally acknowledged in the pulpits. — As regards Joshua’s making the sun stand still, the most telling argument you can use is that when Joshua said this, he was not yet inspired, and that later when, being in a state of inspiration, he wrote the book, he only told the story. The doctrine of redemption. — “Man is so fallen that of himself he can do nothing good.” Dear Fritz, please drop this hyperorthodox and not even biblical nonsense. When Börne, who himself had barely enough to live on in Paris, gave all the fees for his writings to poor Germans, for which he did not even get any thanks, that was, I hope, something good? And Börne had certainly not been “born again”. — You don’t need this sentence at all, provided you have original sin. Christ does not know it either, like so much else from the teaching of the apostles. — The doctrine of sin is what I have thought least about, but nevertheless it is clear to me that sin is necessary for mankind. Orthodoxy rightly perceives a connection between sin and earthly deficiencies, disease, etc., but it errs in presenting sin as the cause of these deficiencies, which occurs only in isolated cases. The two, sin and deficiency, condition each other, one cannot exist without the other. And since the powers of man are not divine, the possibility of sin is a necessity; that it actually had to occur was given in the crude stage of the first human beings, and that it has not ceased since is again quite psychological. Nor can it cease on earth since it is conditioned by all earthly circumstances, and God would otherwise have had to create men quite differently. But since He has created them thus He cannot demand of them to be absolutely without sin, but only to fight against sin; that this fight would suddenly cease with death and a dolce far niente would ensue, only the neglected psychology of earlier centuries could conclude. Indeed, if these premises are granted, moral perfection can be achieved only with the perfection of all other spiritual powers, with a merging into the world soul, and there I am with the Hegelian doctrine, which Leo attacked so violently. This last metaphysical sentence is, by the way, the kind of conclusion of which I do not yet know myself what to think. — Further, according to these premises the story of Adam can only be a myth, since Adam either had to be equal to God if he was created so free from sin, or had to sin if he was created with otherwise human powers. — That is my doctrine of sin, which is indeed still enormously crude and incomplete; but what need have I here of a redemption? — “ If God wanted to find a way out between punitive justice and redeeming love, the only means left was substitution.” Now just take a look at yourselves and see what sort of people you are. You reproach us with lowering our critical sounding lead into the depths of divine wisdom, and here you are actually setting limits to divine wisdom. Herr Professor Philippi could not have gone back on himself more flagrantly. And even granted the need of it as the only means — does substitution cease to be an injustice? If God is really so severe with men He must be severe here also and not turn a blind eye. Work this system out for yourself in sharp, definite terms, and the sore points will not escape you. — Then comes a really pompous contradiction to “substitution as the only means” when you say: “A man cannot be mediator even if by an act of God’s omnipotence he were freed of all sin.” So there is another way after all? If orthodoxy has no better representative in Berlin than Professor Philippi it is indeed in a bad way. — Throughout the entire deduction tacitly runs the principle that substitution is justifiable. That is a murderer whom you have hired for your purposes and who afterwards stabs you to death yourselves. Nor do you really want to tackle the job of proving that this principle does not contradict divine justice and, be honest and admit it, you yourselves feel that you would have to prove this against your innermost conscience; so you whisk past the principle and silently take the fact, dressed up in fine words about merciful love, etc., for granted. — “The Trinity is a condition of redemption.” That again is one of those half-true conclusions of your system. Two hypostases, of course, it would be necessary to assume, but the third only because it is traditional to do so. “But in order to suffer and to die God had to become man, for apart from its being metaphysically unthinkable to postulate in God as such a capacity to suffer, there was also the ethical necessity conditioned by justice.” — But if you admit that it is unthinkable that God should be able to suffer, then it was not the God who suffered in Christ, but only the man, and “a man could not be mediator”. You are still so reasonable that unlike so many here you do not push the conclusion to the extreme point: “hence God must have suffered”, and hold fast to that. And what exactly this has to do with “ethical necessity conditioned by justice” also remains to be seen. If once the principle of substitution is to be granted, it is not necessary that the sufferer should be a man, if he is only God. But God cannot suffer — ergo we are no further than we were before. That is just the trouble with your deduction, at every step I must make new concessions to you. Nothing develops fully and entirely out of what has gone before. So here again I must concede to you that the mediator had also to be man, which has not yet been proved at all; for if I didn’t concede it I couldn’t accept what follows. “But the incarnation could not have taken place by means of natural procreation, for even if God had united Himself with a person born to a mother and father and freed from sin by His omnipotence, He would only have united Himself with that person and not with human nature. — In the body of the Virgin Mary Christ only assumed human nature, the person-forming power lay in his divinity.” — Do please see, this is sheer sophistry and is forced on you by the attacks on the necessity of supernatural generation. In order to put this matter in a different light, the professor interposes a third thing: personality. That has nothing to do with it. On the contrary, the union with human nature is the more intimate the more the personality is human and the spirit which animates it divine. A second misunderstanding here lies hidden in the background. You confuse the body and the person; that emerges even more clearly from the words: “On the other hand, God could not make Himself human quite so abruptly as He did the first Adam, otherwise He would not have stood in any connection with the substance of our fallen nature.” So it is a question of the substance, of the palpable, the corporeal? But the best of it is that the finest reason for the supernatural generation, the dogma of the impersonality of the human nature in Christ, is merely a gnostic consequence of the supernatural generation. (Gnostic, of course, not in reference to the sect but to gnwsis [Gnosis] in general.) If the God in Christ could not suffer, then still less could the impersonal man, and that is what comes of being profound. “So Christ appears without a single human trait.” That is a random assertion; all four Evangelists give a definite picture of the character of Jesus which in most of its features is the same in any of them. Thus we can maintain that the character of the apostle John was nearest to that of Jesus; but now if Christ had no human trait, this implies that John was the most excellent; and that might be a questionable assertion. Thus far the reply to your deduction. I have not succeeded very well with it, I had no college notebooks, only invoice and account books. So please excuse unclarities here and there. — Your brother [Wilhelm Graeber] has not yet been heard of by letter. Du reste, if you acknowledge the honesty of my doubt, how will you explain such a phenomenon? Your orthodox psychology must necessarily rank me among the most wicked, obdurate sinners, especially as I am now wholly and utterly lost. For I have taken the oath to the flag of David Friedrich Strauss and am a first-class mythic; I tell you, Strauss is a grand fellow and a genius, and with powers of discernment such as nobody else has. He has taken away the ground from under your views, the historical foundation is lost beyond recall, and the dogmatic foundation will go down after it. Strauss cannot be refuted, that is why the pietists are so furious with him; Hengstenberg is making tremendous efforts in the [Evangelische] Kirchen-Zeitung to draw false conclusions from his words and to combine with that spiteful attacks on his character. That is what I hate in Hengstenherg and company. Strauss’ personality is no concern of theirs; but they strain themselves to blacken his character so that people should be afraid to join him. The best proof that they are unable to refute him. But now I have theologised enough and will turn my eyes elsewhere. How splendid are the discoveries which the Deutsche Bund has made of demagogy and all so-called conspiracies is to be gathered from the fact that they could be printed on seventy-five’ pages. I have not yet seen the book, [218] but have read excerpts in newspapers which show me what precious lies our damned administration dishes out to the German people. The Deutsche Bund alleges with the most brazen effrontery that the political criminals were sentenced by their “legitimate judges”, although everybody knows that everywhere, especially where a public judicature exists, commissions were instituted, and Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire what happened there under cover of darkness nobody knows, for the defendants had to swear not to say anything about the hearing. That is the justice which exists in Germany — and we have nothing, but nothing to complain of! — About six weeks ago there appeared an excellent book: Preussen und Preussenthum by J. Venedey, Mannheim, 1839, in which Prussian legislation, state administration, tax distribution, etc., are subjected to strict scrutiny, and the results are convincing: favours for the money aristocracy against the poor, endeavours to perpetuate absolutism, and the means to do this: suppression of political education, stupefying of the mass of the people, utilisation of religion; outward brilliance, restraintless bragging and a pretence of favouring education. The Deutsche Bund at once took care to ban the book and to confiscate the copies in stock; the last is only a pretence, since the booksellers are at most asked if they have any copies, to which, of course, every decent fellow says: No. — If you can get hold of the book there, do read it, for it isn’t just rodomontades, but adduces proofs from the Prussian Law. — What I would like best of all is if you could get Börne’s Menzel, der Franzosenfresser. This work is without doubt the best we have in German prose, both Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire in respect of style and of power and wealth of thought; it is marvellous; anyone who doesn’t know it will not believe that our language possesses such power. ... 6945480 2009-09-11 22:45:17 2009-09-11 22:45:17 open open theologised-6-the-9920-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6945480 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo 14766797 Online Essay Help http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2010-12-29 10:59:45 2010-12-29 10:59:45 Your post is really Informative.thanks for sharing Buy Essay Help | Buy Research Paper | GCSE Coursework Help | Buy Term Paper Help | UK Assignments Writing Help 1 0 0 bore 7.bor.003003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/11/bore-7-bor-003003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6939755/ Fri, 11 Sep 2009 01:11:25 +0200 Beforethebigbang Dear Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire , Recepi litteras tuas hodie, et jamque tibi respomurus sum. [I received your letter today, and I am already about to answer you.] I cannot write very much to you — you are still in my debt, and I am expecting a long letter from you. Is your brother Wilhelm on holiday too? Is Wurm now studying with you in Bonn? God bless fat Peter [Jonghaus] in his studia militaria. A little poem written on July 27 [the anniversary of the July 1830 revolution in France] may give you practice in liberalism and in reading ancient metre. Otherwise there is nothing in it. German July Days 1839 How the waves mount up in the roaring gale, how the storm comes relentlessly onwardst Tall as a man are the foaming waves, and the skiff goes rising and falling; From the Rhine there blows a whirling wind that musters the clouds in the heavens, That splits up oaks and whips up dust and lashes the waves in its fury. Of you I think in my tossing skiff, you German kings and you princes. How the patient people bore on their heads the gilded throne you ascended, In triumph carried you through the land and sent the bold conqueror fleeing. [allusion to Napoleon I] Brazenly arrogant then you became, you betrayed all the promises given. Now a storm blows up out of France, and the people rise up in their masses, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire And your throne is rocked like the skiff in the storm and your hand loses hold of the sceptre. You above all, Ernst August, I challenge with angry defiance. Despotic and reckless, you flouted the law-now hark to the storm as it rises! The people look up with piercing eyes and the sword barely rests in the scabbard. Speak! Are you safe on your golden throne, as I in my boat on the waters? The business about the high waves on the Weser is quite true, also that I was sailing on it on the great day of the July revolution. Give my regards to Wurm and tell him that he must write me a lot. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6939755 2009-09-11 01:11:25 2009-09-11 01:11:25 open open bore-7-bor-003003003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6939755 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo rise 6.ris.0030030 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/11/rise-6-ris-0030030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6939750/ Fri, 11 Sep 2009 01:09:46 +0200 Beforethebigbang Fritzo Graebero. July 12. Really, you could condescend to write to me. It will soon be five weeks since I received your last letter.-I chucked a mass of sceptical bricks at you when I last wrote; I would have understood the thing differently had I then been acquainted with Schleiermacher’s teaching. For that is still a reasonable kind of Christianity. Everybody finds it clear even if one does not actually accept it, and one can recognise its value without feeling obliged to adopt it. I have already accepted the philosophical principles which I found in the teaching. But I am not quite clear about his theory of salvation and I will guard against accepting it immediately as a conviction so that I may not soon have to change again. But I will study it as soon as I have the time and the opportunity. If I had come into contact with this teaching before, I would never have become a rationalist, but where do you hear about things like this in our Muckertal [Muckertal — valley of bigots; an allusion to Wuppertal]? I feel a blazing anger at this kind of thing, and will fight against pietism and literal belief as long as I can. What is this nonsense? What is rejected by science, the development of which now includes the whole of church history, should no longer exist in life either. Pietism may have been an historically justified element in the development of theology in former times. It obtained its lawful right, it lived and should not now refuse to make way for speculative theology. It is only out of this latter that any certainty can be developed. I cannot understand how one can still try to maintain literal belief in the Bible or defend the direct influence of God, since this cannot be proved anywhere. July 26. So here you are. To business. It is quite remarkable how in your letter you cling to orthodoxy and yet manage to concede some points to a rationalising trend, thus providing me with a weapon. Joseph’s family tree. To my first objection you reply: “Who knows whether we have not often read son instead of son-in-law or nephew in the genealogical tables in the Bible?” Are you not destroying the whole credibility of the biblical genealogical tables when you say this? I cannot at all understand how the law is supposed to prove anything here. — To my second objection you reply: “Luke wrote for Theophilus.” Dear Fritz, what kind of inspiration is that which has such consideration for the level of knowledge possessed by the one into whose hands the book happens to come first? If there is not also consideration for all future readers, then I cannot acknowledge any inspiration at all. In general, you do not as yet seem to be clear about the concept of inspiration. 3) How Joseph’s genealogical table demonstrates the fulfilment of the prophecy, I am incapable of understanding. On the contrary, the Evangelists should have been above all concerned not to present Jesus as the son of Joseph, to destroy this view, and not at all to honour Joseph by thus presenting his genealogical table. — “To say that Jesus. was a son of Mary and that Mary was a daughter of Elijah would have been quite contrary to custom.” Dear Fritz, can custom have the slightest influence here? Make sure whether by talking like this you are not once more going against your conception of inspiration. Really, I cannot regard your explanation as anything but so completely forced that if I were in your place I would rather conclude that one or the other was wrong. — “Insoluble doubts must confront Christianity, and yet we can arrive at certainty through God’s mercy.” I doubt this influence of God’s mercy on the individual in the form in which you have it. I well know the feeling of happiness everyone has, rationalist or mystic alike, who places himself in a close, heartfelt relationship with God; but make yourself clear about it, think about it without using biblical phrases, and you will find that it is the consciousness that mankind is of divine origin, that you, as part of this mankind, can never be lost and that after all the countless struggles in this world, as in the next, you must return, divested of all that is mortal and sinful, to God’s bosom; that is my conviction, and I am at rest with it. To this extent, I can also tell you that God’s Spirit gives me testimony that I am a child of God and, as I have said, I cannot believe that you could say it in any other way. To be sure, you are much calmer about it, while I am still threshing around with all kinds of opinions and cannot let my conviction remain in its present undeveloped state; but because of that I can indeed acknowledge the difference quantitatively but not qualitatively. — I readily admit that I am a sinner and that I have a deep-rooted propensity to sin and I refrain completely from any justification by works. But I do not admit that this sinfulness lies in the will of man. I readily admit that though the possibility of sinning is not inherent in the idea of humanity, it must necessarily be inherent in its realisation. I am therefore certainly as penitent as anyone can possibly demand, but, my dear Fritz, no thinking person can believe that my sins can be remitted by the merits of a third party. When I think about this independently of all authority, then I find, like the new theology, that the sinfulness of man lies in the necessarily imperfect realisation of the idea, that it must therefore be the striving of everyone to realise in himself the idea of humanity, i.e., to make himself the equal of God in spiritual perfection. That is something quite subjective. How can the orthodox theory of salvation, which posits a third, something objective, accomplish this subjective development? I admit that I deserve to be punished, and if God wishes to punish me, let Him do so, but eternal banishment even of the least part of the Spirit from God — this I find it quite impossible to conceive or to believe. It is, of course, true that it is God’s mercy that He accepts us. Everything God does is mercy, but everything He does is likewise necessity. The unity of these contradictions constitutes an essential part of the essence of God. What you say later about God not being able to deny Himself, etc., sounds to me as if you wanted to evade my question. Can you believe that a man who strives for union with God ought to be rejected by God for all eternity? Can you? You can’t, so you beat about the bush. Is it not very base to believe that God would inflict further punishment for past wickedness, in addition to that already contained in the wicked deed itself? Alongside eternal punishment you must also set eternal sin, and alongside eternal sin eternal possibility of believing and, therefore, of being saved. The teaching of eternal damnation is terribly inconsistent. Furthermore: historical belief is for you a great essential of belief, without it belief is unthinkable. But you will not deny that there are people for whom it is quite impossible to have this historical belief. And should God require such people to do the impossible? Dear Fritz, just think — this would he nonsense and God’s reason is certainly higher than ours, but still not of a different kind, for otherwise it would no longer be reason. The biblical dogmas also are to be understood by using reason. — Not to be able to doubt, you say, is freedom of the mind? It is the greatest enslavement of the mind. He only is free who has overcome every doubt concerning his conviction. And I am not even demanding that you refute me. I challenge all orthodox theology to refute me. Christian scholarship is now all of 1,800 years old and has been unable to bring forward any counterarguments against rationalism, and has only repulsed a few of its attacks; nay, it shies away from the fight in the purely scientific field and prefers to drag the personalities of its opponents in the mud-what is a man to say to that? Indeed, is orthodox Christian teaching capable of being purely scientific? I say no. What more can it do than engage in a little classifying, explaining, disputing? I advise you to read some time Darstellung used Kritik des modernen Pietismus by Dr. C. Märklin, Stuttgart, 1839. If you can refute it (that is, not what is positive, but what is negative in it), you will be the world’s leading theologian. — “The simple Christian can rest quite content with this; he knows that he is a child of God, and it is not necessary for him to be able to give answers to all apparent contradictions.” Neither the simple Christian nor Hengstenberg can give answers to the “apparent contradictions”, for they are real contradictions; but truly, whoever rests content and prides himself on his faith, has in reality no basis whatever for his faith. True, feeling can confirm, but it can most certainly not furnish a basis-that would be like wanting to smell with one’s ears. What makes Hengstenherg so detestable to me is the really scandalous editing of the [Evangelische] Kirchen-Zeitung. Nearly all the contributors remain anonymous and the editor, therefore, has to be responsible for them; but if somebody who has been attacked in the paper takes him to task, then Herr Hengstenberg denies all knowledge of the matter, will not reveal the name of the author, but also disclaims all responsibility. This has already happened to many a poor devil who has been attacked by God knows what miserable lout in the Kirchen-Zeitung and the only answer he got from Hengstenberg when he approached him about it was that it was not he who wrote the article. The Kirchen-Zeitung still enjoys a big reputation among the pietist preachers because they do not read anything opposed to it, and so it keeps going. I have not read the latest issues, otherwise I would quote you examples. You cannot imagine how abominably the Kirchen-Zeitung slandered and abused Strauss in connection with his Zurich affair, [209] while all reports are unanimous in saying that he behaved quite nobly over the whole business. Why, for example, is the Kirchen-Zeitung so very eager to bracket Strauss with Young Germany? And unfortunately many people regard Young Germany as something terribly wicked.-You understood me quite wrongly with regard to the poetry of belief. I did not believe because of the poetry. I believed because I realised that I could no longer live only for the day, because I repented of my sins, because I needed communion with God. I gladly gave away immediately what I most loved, I turned my back on my greatest joys, my dearest acquaintances, I made myself look ridiculous to everybody everywhere. It was an immense joy to me when I found in Plümacher someone with whom I could talk about it, and I gladly put up with his fanaticism concerning predestination. You know yourself that I was in earnest, in dead earnest. I was happy then, that I know, and I am still just as happy; I had trust and joy when I prayed; I have them now too, I have them even more because I am struggling and need to be strengthened. But I have never experienced anything of that ecstatic bliss I heard so much about from our pulpits. My religion was — and is — quiet, blessed peace, and if I have it after my death then I shall be satisfied. I have no reason to believe that God will take it from me. Religious conviction is a matter of the heart and is only concerned with dogma insofar as dogma is or is not contradicted by feeling. Thus the Spirit of God may convince you through your feeling that you are a child of God-that is quite possible; but it most certainly cannot so convince you that you are a child of God through the death of Christ; otherwise feeling would be capable of thinking and your ears of seeing. — I pray daily, indeed nearly the whole day, for truth, I have done so ever since I began to have doubts, but I still cannot return to your faith. And yet it is written: “Ask, and it shall be given you.” [ Matthew 7:7] I search for truth wherever I have hope of finding even a shadow of it and still I cannot acknowledge your truth as the eternal truth. And yet it is written: “Seek, and ye shall find. Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone?... how much more shall your Father which is in Heaven? [Matthew 7: 9-11] Tears come into my eyes as I write this. I am moved to the core, but I feel I shall not be lost; I shall come to God, for whom my whole heart yearns. And this is also a testimony of the Holy Spirit and I live and die by it, even if the Bible says the opposite ten thousand times over. And don’t deceive yourself, Fritz, you may seem to be so sure, but a doubt will come before you know it, and the way your heart decides often depends on the merest coincidence. — But I know from experience that dogmatic faith has no influence whatever on one’s inner peace. July 27 If you did what it says in the Bible, you should have nothing more to do with me. In the Second Epistle of John (if I'm not mistaken) it says that one should not greet the unbeliever, not even say haire [I greet you] to him. There are many such passages in the Bible and they have always angered me. But you do not do all it says in the Bible by a long way. Incidentally when orthodox evangelical Christianity is called the religion of love, that sounds to me like the most monstrous irony. According to your Christianity, nine-tenths of mankind will be eternally unhappy and only one-tenth happy. Fritz, and do you call that God’s infinite love? Just think how small God would appear if that was what His love amounted to. It is therefore clear that if there is a revealed religion, its God must indeed be greater than but not different from the one who is shown by reason. Otherwise all philosophy is not only empty but even sinful. Without philosophy there is no education; without education there is no humanity; without humanity, again, there is no religion. But even the fanatical Leo does not dare to revile philosophy in this way. And that is another of the inconsistencies of the orthodox. I could reach an understanding with men like Schleiermacher and Neander, for they are consistent. and have pure hearts. I look in vain for these qualities in the columns of the Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung and other pietist journals. Especially for Schleiermacher I have enormous respect. If you are consistent you must, of course, consign him to damnation, for he does not teach the word of Christ in your sense, but rather in that of Young Germany, of Theodor Mundt and Karl Gutzkow. But he was a great man, and I only know one man now living who has equal intelligence, equal power and equal courage-and that is David Friedrich Strauss. I was very pleased that you should rise up with such vigour to refute Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire me, but one thing made me angry and I shall tell you straight out what it is. It is the contempt with which you speak of the striving of the rationalists for union with God, of their religious life. To be sure, you lie comfortably in your faith as in a warm bed, and you know nothing of the fight we have to put up when we human beings have to decide whether God is God or not. You do not know the weight of the burden one feels with the first doubt, the burden of the old belief, when one must decide for or against, whether to go on carrying it or to shake it off. But I tell you again, you are not so safe from doubt as you think, so do not delude yourself with regard to those who doubt. You could become one of them yourself, and then you too would ask for fair treatment. Religion is an affair of the heart and whoever has a heart can be devout; but those whose devoutness is rooted either in their understanding or in their reason have none at all. The tree of religion sprouts from the heart, overshadows the whole man and seeks its nourishment from the air of reason. But its fruits, which contain the most precious heart-blood, are the dogmas, and what goes beyond them is of the Evil one. This is what Schleiermacher teaches and I stand by it. Adieu, dear Fritz. Think carefully about whether you really want to send me to hell and write me my sentence soon. 6939750 2009-09-11 01:09:46 2009-09-11 01:09:46 open open rise-6-ris-0030030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6939750 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo 15647814 soizetriece http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2011-05-08 09:23:32 2011-05-08 09:23:32 With Gascony, houses for sale Dutch are extremely close by that can travel spots location appartement on vacationer focus and even imminent. 1 0 0 In partibus infidelium 8.ipi.0040040 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/04/in-partibus-infidelium-8-ipi-0040040-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6887504/ Fri, 04 Sep 2009 03:04:56 +0200 Beforethebigbang 59 On October 25, 1848, Bishop Marilley was arrested. On October 30, a diocesan conference of representatives of the Freiburg, Berne, Vaud, Neuchâtel and Geneva canton governments was held in Freiburg (Fribourg). It decided to set the bishop free but to prohibit his stay and activities on the territory of these five cantons. The opening of this conference was announced in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 136, November 7, 1848. Possibly Engels wrote about the conference decision in the above-mentioned report, which did not appear in the newspaper (see Note 56). 60 The reference is to the Second Rhenish Congress of Democrats, which was held in Cologne on November 23, 1848. It discussed questions connected with the tax-refusal campaign and also the question of drawing the peasants into the struggle against the counter-revolution. Marx took part in the deliberations of the Congress, which approved his slogans of action and the tactics of active struggle against the coup d'état in Prussia. For reasons of security the newspaper did not cover the sessions of the Congress and gave only extremely laconic reports on its decisions. Thus, the second edition of the N~ Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848, carried the following item: “The Congress of Rhenish democrats, held on November 23, approved the decisions adopted by the District Committee. — Detailed instructions will he communicated by the delegates to their associations. 61 On July 5, 1848, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 35 published the article “Arrests” giving details of the arrest of Gottschalk and Anneke, then leaders of the Cologne Workers’ Association (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 177-79). This article served as a pretext for charging the editors with insulting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and the police officers who made the arrests. Public Prosecutor Hecker sent a letter to the newspaper refuting the article “Arrests” and threatening the editors. Marx published the letter in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung and called the Cologne Public Prosecutor’s office a “new, promising contributor” to that newspaper (see the article “Legal Proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung”, present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 186-88). 62 The German National Assembly which opened on May 18, 1848, in St. Paul’s Church, in the free city of Frankfurt am Main, was convened to effect the unification of the country and to draw up its Constitution. Among the deputies elected in various German states late in April and early in May there were 122 government officials, 95 judges, 81 lawyers, 103 professors, 17 manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 15 physicians and 40 landowners. The liberal deputies, who were in the majority, turned the Assembly into a mere debating club. At the decisive moments of the revolution — during the September crisis connected with the signing of Prussia’s armistice with Denmark to the detriment of Germany’s national interests, during the October uprising in Vienna and the coup d'état in Prussia — the liberal majority helped the counter-revolutionary forces. Thus, the German National Assembly disavowed the decision of the Prussian National Assembly on refusal to pay taxes by 275 votes to 150. The decision referred to in this article was adopted by the Frankfurt National Assembly on November 20, 1848. In writing this and other articles on the debates in the Frankfurt National Assembly, Marx and Engels made use of the shorthand reports of its sittings which later appeared as a separate publication, Stenographischer Bericht über die Verhandlungen der deutschen constituirenden Nationalversammlung zu Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 1848-49. 63 The Federal Diet — the representative body of the German Confederation, that ephemeral union of German states founded by decision of the Vienna Congress in 1815. Consisting of representatives of the German states, the Federal Diet had no real power and served as a vehicle of feudal and monarchist reaction. After the March 1848 revolution in Germany the Right-wing circles tried in vain to revive the Federal Diet and use it to undermine the principle of popular sovereignty and prevent the democratic unification of Germany. 64 Marx refers to the rejection by Prime Minister Brandenburg of the petition presented by a delegation from the Cologne Municipal Council and other Rhenish delegations asking to be given an audience by the King. When the delegates said that in case of refusal they would suspend payment of taxes, the Prime Minister threatened to resort to bayonets. 65 This rumour was based on the conflict between the German Central Authority, or the so-called Imperial Government (see Note 23), which acted in the name of the Frankfurt National Assembly, and the Swiss authorities. Early in October the Imperial Government sent a Note to Berne demanding the cessation of the actions of the German republican refugees and their expulsion from the cantons bordering on Germany. This and the next Note, of October 23, contained both demands and threats, which, however, were rejected by the Swiss Government. The conflict accompanied by frontier incidents continued. Its essence was revealed by Engels in his article “The German Central Authority and Switzerland” (see this volume, pp. 66-74). 66 See Note 36. 67 A few days before the publication of this report, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 198 of November 21, 1848, carried the following report marked with two asterisks: “Berne, November 16. I hasten to inform you of the results of the elections to the executive Federal Council held at today’s joint sitting of the National Council and the Council of States. The following were elected: "President: Burgomaster Furrer, of Zurich; "Vice-President: State Councillor Druey, of Waadt; "Members: Colonel Ochsenbein, of Berne; Colonel Franscini, of Tessin; Herr Munzinger, of Solothurn; Herr Näff, of St. GaHen; Herr Steiger, of Lucerne. “The moderate. party which has an overwhelming majority in both Councils also had its candidates elected against the candidates of the radical party: Eytel, Stämpfli, Luvini etc.” This information, probably supplied by Engels, contained certain inaccuracies which can be explained by the fact that the Federal Council had not finally constituted itself by that time. Instead of Ochsenbein, Steiger was elected President of the National Council; and the seventh member of the Federal Council was Frey-Hérosé of Aargau. For the details see Engels’ article “Personalities of the Federal Council” (this volume, pp. 83-87). The Federal Council was the supreme executive body of the Swiss Republic. The President of the Republic, elected from among the Council members, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire was also President of the Federal Council. 68 See Note 35. 69 See Note 10. 70 See Note 36. 71 According to the Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 1848, Swiss citizens had the right to vote after three months’ permanent residence. 72 The following report from Berne, dated November 23, 1848, appeared in the supplement to No. 154 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung but it elucidated other questions (“Raveaux’s Resignation — Violation of the Swiss Frontier”, see this volume, pp. 63-64). Engels gave detailed information about the debates in the National Council on the Tessin conflict in his article “The National Council”, published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on December 10, 1848 (see this volume, pp. 138-53). 73 The Barataria’s Reich — an ironical name which Engels gave to the future united German state for which the members of the Frankfurt parliament were drafting a Constitution; an allusion to the imaginary island of Barataria of which Sancho Panza was made Governor in Cervantes’ novel Don Quixote. 74 During the coup d'état in Prussia the Frankfurt National Assembly undertook to settle the conflict between the Prussian National Assembly and the Crown. For this purpose, first Bassermann (one of the liberal leaders) and then Simson and Hergenhahn went to Berlin as imperial commissioners. In mid-November the Frankfurt National Assembly adopted a decision calling on the Central Authority to help, through the imperial commissioners in Berlin, to form a Ministry which would enjoy the confidence of the country, that is a Ministry more acceptable to the Prussian bourgeoisie than the obviously counter-revolutionary Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry. However, this decision proved ineffective because the Frankfurt Assembly’s liberal majority openly disapproved of the campaign for refusal to pay taxes as a means of struggle against the coup d'état. The mediation of the imperial commissioners proved to be helpful to the counter-revolutionaries since it diverted the democratic forces in the German states from real support of the Prussian National Assembly in its struggle against the Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry. 75 The reference is to the armistice between Denmark and Prussia concluded in the Swedish city of Ma]m5 on August 26, 1848. Though the Prussian ruling circles waged the war against Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, they sacrificed general German interests to dynastic and counter-revolutionary interests when they concluded the armistice. They were moved by the desire to release troops for the suppression of the revolution in Prussia, and also by pressure from Russia and Britain, which supported Denmark. Besides a cease-fire between Prussia and Denmark, the armistice provided for the replacement of the provisional authorities in Schleswig with a new government, to be formed by the two, contracting parties (representatives of the Danish monarchy were dominant in it), separation of the Schleswig and Holstein armed forces and other harsh terms for the national liberation movement in the duchies. The revolutionary-democratic reforms which had been introduced were now virtually eliminated. The Malmö armistice and its ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly caused popular dissatisfaction and protests in Germany. 76 The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was founded in 962 and lasted till 1806. At different times it included German, Italian, Austrian, Hungarian and Bohemian lands, Switzerland and the Netherlands, forming a motley conglomeration of feudal kingdoms and principalities, church lands and free cities with different political structures, legal standards and customs. 77 Maximilian Gagern’s journey to Berlin and Schleswig, made on instructions from the Government of the Imperial Regent John to take part in the armistice negotiations with Denmark in the summer of 1848, ended in a complete failure since both Prussia and Denmark ignored the representative of the impotent Central Authority. Engels compares this fruitless journey of Gagern’s with that of the heroine in Johann Hermes’ novel Sophiens Reise von Memel nach Sachsen which was popular in Germany at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century: after spending more than ten years on her journey she failed to reach her destination. 78 In April 1848 Baden was the scene of a republican uprising led by the petty-bourgeois democrats Friedrich Hecker and Gustav Struve. It started with republican detachments invading Baden from the Swiss border. But this poorly prepared and poorly organised uprising was crushed by the end of April. 79 The first Note to the Vorort (main canton) Berne (see Note 36), dated October 4, 1848, and signed by Franz Raveaux, an imperial commissioner in Switzerland, was published in several German newspapers including the Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger No. 163 of October 14, 1848. The same day, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (in the supplement to issue No. 116) carried a report from Berne dated October 8 setting forth the content of the Note from the main canton Berne written in reply to the imperial Note. The full text of the Note, dated October 5, was reproduced in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung on October 10 (No. 275, second supplement) and October 11, 1848 (No. 276). A new Note of the German Central Authority, dated October 23 and also signed by Raveaux, was published in the Frankfurt Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 298 on November 6, 1848. An announcement about its delivery to the Berne authorities appeared in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 140, November 11. The main canton Berne’s reply of November 4 was published in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 304 and in the first supplement to it on November 13, 1848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung likewise published the text of this Note in its issue No. 143, November 15, 1848. p. 68 80 See Note 73. 81 An allusion to the special troops. supplied by the so-called Military Border Area — i.e., military settlements formed in the southern border regions of the Austrian Empire between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The inhabitants of these regions — Serbs, Croats, Rumanians, Szeklers, Saxons, and others — were allotted plots of land by the state, for which they had to serve in the army, pay taxes and fulfil certain public duties. While serving in the army they wore red coats and caps. In 1848 they formed part of the counter-revolutionary army of the Croatian Ban Jellachich deployed against revolutionary Vienna and Hungary. The names of these border regiments and battalions derived either from the names of the regions where they were formed, the names of the central towns of the corresponding border areas, or the nationality making up the majority of the military unit. 82 See Note 9. p, 68 83 After the defeat of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848 (see Note 78), oil(, of its leaders, Friedrich Hecker, emigrated to Switzerland and lived in Muttenz (Basle canton) until September 1848, when he left for America. 84 The reference is to the invasion of Baden from Swiss territory by detachments of German republican refugees led by Gustav Struve on September 21, 1848, following the news of the ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly of the armistice in Malmö and the popular uprising in Frankfurt in reply to it. Supported by the local republicans, Struve proclaimed a German Republic in the frontier town of Lörrach and formed a provisional government. However, the insurgent detachments were shortly afterwards scattered by the troops, and Struve, Blind and other leaders of the uprising were imprisoned by decision of a court martial (they were released during another republican uprising in Baden in May 1849). 85 The words “citizen and communist” were taken by Marx from the address of General Drigalski, commander of a division quartered in Düsseldorf, to the population. The address was published in the Düsseldorfer Zeitung No. 311, November 24, 1848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung reprinted it immediately after this article. Drigalski said in the address: “As a communist truly devoted to God and my King, I declare hereby that for the benefit of my poor brothers of the Düsseldorf commune I shall, as long as I live here, pay yearly the sum of thousand talers by monthly instalments to the city poor fund through the Government’s central treasury.... Fellow citizens, follow this example and be communists in the noble sense of this word and soon here, as everywhere else, there will he calm, peace and confidence. "Düsseldorf, November 23, 1848 Citizen von Drigalski” 86 The state of siege in Düsseldorf was declared on November 22, 1848, the order of Spiegel and Drigalski to that effect being published in the Kölnische Zeitung No. 314 (second edition), November 23, 1848. 87 Pfuel’s speech in the Prussian National Assembly on September 29, 1848, was connected with the declaration of a state of siege in Cologne on September 26. The Cologne authorities had been scared by the growing revolutionary-democratic movement and the campaign of protest against the Prussian-Danish armistice concluded in Malmö and ratified by the Frankfurt Assembly. Pfuel tried to justify this measure, but general indignation against the actions of the Cologne authorities and their condemnation by the Left deputies in the Assembly compelled the Government to issue an order lifting the state of siege in Cologne as of November 2, 1848. 88 The Penal Code (Code pénal), adopted in France in 1810 and introduced into the regions of West and South-West Germany conquered by the French, remained in effect in the Rhine Province even after its incorporation into Prussia in 1815. The Prussian Government attempted to reduce the sphere of its application and by a whole series of laws and orders to reintroduce in this province Prussian Law designed to guarantee feudal privileges. These measures, which met with great opposition in the Rhine Province, were annulled after the March revolution by the decree of April 15, 1848. 89 The law of April 6 — “Decision on Some Principles of the Future Prussian. Constitution” (“Verordnung über einige Grundlagen der künftigen Preussischen Verlassung”) — was adopted by the Second United Diet an assembly of representatives from the eight provincial diets of Prussia. Like the provincial diets, the United Diet was based on the estate principle. It sanctioned new taxes and loans, discussed new Bills and had the right to petition the King. The First United Diet opened on April 11, 1847, but was dissolved in June because it refused to grant a new loan. The Second United Diet met on April 2, 1848, after the revolution of March 18-19 in Prussia. It adopted decrees, decisions and a law on the elections to the Prussian National Assembly, and sanctioned the loan, following which its session was closed. 90 The Civic Militia Law was adopted on the basis of the Bill introduced in mid-July of 1848 by the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry. It reflected the desire of the Prussian liberals to prevent the masses from joining the civic militia formed after the March revolution in Prussia, and to convert it into a purely bourgeois military organisation. (For the criticism of it by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung see the article “The Civic Militia Bill”, present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 256-65.) The law in effect abolished the militia as an autonomous armed organisation and subordinated it to the King and the Minister of the Interior. This dependence of the civic militia on the Government was utilised by the counter-revolutionary forces during the coup d'état in Prussia. 91 The reference is to a statement made by the Düsseldorf Chief Postmaster (Oberpostdirector) Maurenbrecher on November 21, 1848, and published in the Kölnische Zeitung No. 314 (second edition) on November 23. This statement accused a group of officers of the Düsseldorf civic militia of “sacrilegiously” violating the secrecy of the postal service and correspondence because they tried to find out at the post-office whether postal orders for large sums of money had arrived from the Regierungspräsident 92 For the law safeguarding personal freedom see Note 42. Below Marx quotes Paragraph 9 of this law. 93 In addition to the proceedings instituted earlier against the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, the Cologne Public Prosecutor Hecker gave instructions, in the autumn of 1848, to bring to court the editor-in-chief Karl Marx and the responsible publisher Hermann Korff, for publishing in their newspaper a number of items which were not to the liking of the authorities, including the proclamation “To the German People” by the republican Friedrich Hecker. Although the examining magistrate declared in October 1848 that there were no serious grounds for prosecution, the Public Prosecutor insisted on his former accusations and even advanced new ones. In his article “Public Prosecutor ‘Hecker’ and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung” (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 485-89), Marx sharply criticised the Cologne Public Prosecutor’s office, using the coincidence of the names of the Public Prosecutor and the republican to call the former either “simple Hecker” (“tout bonnement”) (“C'est du Hecker tout pur” — “it’s genuine Hecker”, as he wrote in French) or “the dichotomous Hecker”. This was the “second crime” of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (see this volume, p. 82). 94 The Neue Rheinische Zeitung was accused by the Cologne authorities of insulting police officers and Public Prosecutor Zweiffel in the summer of 1848, by publishing the article “Arrests” exposing the repressive measures against Gottschalk and Anneke, leaders of the Cologne Workers’ Association (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 177-79). Later this accusation was made at the trial of Marx and Engels (see this volume, pp. 304-22, 511 and 517). 95 In partibus infidelium — literally: in parts inhabited by unbelievers. The words are added to the tide of Roman Catholic Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire bishops appointed to purely nominal dioceses in non-Christian countries. 96 The Disch Hotel was in Cologne; the Mielentz Hotel — a hotel in Berlin where the Prussian National Assembly, driven out of its former premises, held its sitting on November 15, 1848. 97 At the end of September 1848, the Imperial Minister of Justice, Kisker, demanded that the Cologne Public Prosecutor should institute legal proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung editors for publishing a series of feature articles which ridiculed Prince Lichnowski, a reactionary deputy of the Frankfurt National Assembly, under the name of the knight Schnapphahnski. Written by Georg Weerth, the feature articles “Leben und Taten des berühmten Ritters Schnapphahnski” were published unsigned in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in August, September and December 1848 and in January 1849. 98 Concerning the Vorort see Note 36. Concerning the Swiss Diet see Note 9. 6887504 2009-09-04 03:04:56 2009-09-04 03:04:56 open open in-partibus-infidelium-8-ipi-0040040-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6887504 publish 0 0 post 0 In partibus infidelium 8.ipi.0040040 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/09/04/in-partibus-infidelium-8-ipi-0040040-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6887503/ Fri, 04 Sep 2009 03:04:54 +0200 Beforethebigbang 59 On October 25, 1848, Bishop Marilley was arrested. On October 30, a diocesan conference of representatives of the Freiburg, Berne, Vaud, Neuchâtel and Geneva canton governments was held in Freiburg (Fribourg). It decided to set the bishop free but to prohibit his stay and activities on the territory of these five cantons. The opening of this conference was announced in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 136, November 7, 1848. Possibly Engels wrote about the conference decision in the above-mentioned report, which did not appear in the newspaper (see Note 56). 60 The reference is to the Second Rhenish Congress of Democrats, which was held in Cologne on November 23, 1848. It discussed questions connected with the tax-refusal campaign and also the question of drawing the peasants into the struggle against the counter-revolution. Marx took part in the deliberations of the Congress, which approved his slogans of action and the tactics of active struggle against the coup d'état in Prussia. For reasons of security the newspaper did not cover the sessions of the Congress and gave only extremely laconic reports on its decisions. Thus, the second edition of the N~ Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848, carried the following item: ?The Congress of Rhenish democrats, held on November 23, approved the decisions adopted by the District Committee. ? Detailed instructions will he communicated by the delegates to their associations. 61 On July 5, 1848, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 35 published the article ?Arrests? giving details of the arrest of Gottschalk and Anneke, then leaders of the Cologne Workers? Association (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 177-79). This article served as a pretext for charging the editors with insulting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and the police officers who made the arrests. Public Prosecutor Hecker sent a letter to the newspaper refuting the article ?Arrests? and threatening the editors. Marx published the letter in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung and called the Cologne Public Prosecutor?s office a ?new, promising contributor? to that newspaper (see the article ?Legal Proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung?, present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 186-88). 62 The German National Assembly which opened on May 18, 1848, in St. Paul?s Church, in the free city of Frankfurt am Main, was convened to effect the unification of the country and to draw up its Constitution. Among the deputies elected in various German states late in April and early in May there were 122 government officials, 95 judges, 81 lawyers, 103 professors, 17 manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 15 physicians and 40 landowners. The liberal deputies, who were in the majority, turned the Assembly into a mere debating club. At the decisive moments of the revolution ? during the September crisis connected with the signing of Prussia?s armistice with Denmark to the detriment of Germany?s national interests, during the October uprising in Vienna and the coup d'état in Prussia ? the liberal majority helped the counter-revolutionary forces. Thus, the German National Assembly disavowed the decision of the Prussian National Assembly on refusal to pay taxes by 275 votes to 150. The decision referred to in this article was adopted by the Frankfurt National Assembly on November 20, 1848. In writing this and other articles on the debates in the Frankfurt National Assembly, Marx and Engels made use of the shorthand reports of its sittings which later appeared as a separate publication, Stenographischer Bericht über die Verhandlungen der deutschen constituirenden Nationalversammlung zu Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 1848-49. 63 The Federal Diet ? the representative body of the German Confederation, that ephemeral union of German states founded by decision of the Vienna Congress in 1815. Consisting of representatives of the German states, the Federal Diet had no real power and served as a vehicle of feudal and monarchist reaction. After the March 1848 revolution in Germany the Right-wing circles tried in vain to revive the Federal Diet and use it to undermine the principle of popular sovereignty and prevent the democratic unification of Germany. 64 Marx refers to the rejection by Prime Minister Brandenburg of the petition presented by a delegation from the Cologne Municipal Council and other Rhenish delegations asking to be given an audience by the King. When the delegates said that in case of refusal they would suspend payment of taxes, the Prime Minister threatened to resort to bayonets. 65 This rumour was based on the conflict between the German Central Authority, or the so-called Imperial Government (see Note 23), which acted in the name of the Frankfurt National Assembly, and the Swiss authorities. Early in October the Imperial Government sent a Note to Berne demanding the cessation of the actions of the German republican refugees and their expulsion from the cantons bordering on Germany. This and the next Note, of October 23, contained both demands and threats, which, however, were rejected by the Swiss Government. The conflict accompanied by frontier incidents continued. Its essence was revealed by Engels in his article ?The German Central Authority and Switzerland? (see this volume, pp. 66-74). 66 See Note 36. 67 A few days before the publication of this report, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 198 of November 21, 1848, carried the following report marked with two asterisks: ?Berne, November 16. I hasten to inform you of the results of the elections to the executive Federal Council held at today?s joint sitting of the National Council and the Council of States. The following were elected: "President: Burgomaster Furrer, of Zurich; "Vice-President: State Councillor Druey, of Waadt; "Members: Colonel Ochsenbein, of Berne; Colonel Franscini, of Tessin; Herr Munzinger, of Solothurn; Herr Näff, of St. GaHen; Herr Steiger, of Lucerne. ?The moderate. party which has an overwhelming majority in both Councils also had its candidates elected against the candidates of the radical party: Eytel, Stämpfli, Luvini etc.? This information, probably supplied by Engels, contained certain inaccuracies which can be explained by the fact that the Federal Council had not finally constituted itself by that time. Instead of Ochsenbein, Steiger was elected President of the National Council; and the seventh member of the Federal Council was Frey-Hérosé of Aargau. For the details see Engels? article ?Personalities of the Federal Council? (this volume, pp. 83-87). The Federal Council was the supreme executive body of the Swiss Republic. The President of the Republic, elected from among the Council members, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire was also President of the Federal Council. 68 See Note 35. 69 See Note 10. 70 See Note 36. 71 According to the Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 1848, Swiss citizens had the right to vote after three months? permanent residence. 72 The following report from Berne, dated November 23, 1848, appeared in the supplement to No. 154 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung but it elucidated other questions (?Raveaux?s Resignation ? Violation of the Swiss Frontier?, see this volume, pp. 63-64). Engels gave detailed information about the debates in the National Council on the Tessin conflict in his article ?The National Council?, published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on December 10, 1848 (see this volume, pp. 138-53). 73 The Barataria?s Reich ? an ironical name which Engels gave to the future united German state for which the members of the Frankfurt parliament were drafting a Constitution; an allusion to the imaginary island of Barataria of which Sancho Panza was made Governor in Cervantes? novel Don Quixote. 74 During the coup d'état in Prussia the Frankfurt National Assembly undertook to settle the conflict between the Prussian National Assembly and the Crown. For this purpose, first Bassermann (one of the liberal leaders) and then Simson and Hergenhahn went to Berlin as imperial commissioners. In mid-November the Frankfurt National Assembly adopted a decision calling on the Central Authority to help, through the imperial commissioners in Berlin, to form a Ministry which would enjoy the confidence of the country, that is a Ministry more acceptable to the Prussian bourgeoisie than the obviously counter-revolutionary Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry. However, this decision proved ineffective because the Frankfurt Assembly?s liberal majority openly disapproved of the campaign for refusal to pay taxes as a means of struggle against the coup d'état. The mediation of the imperial commissioners proved to be helpful to the counter-revolutionaries since it diverted the democratic forces in the German states from real support of the Prussian National Assembly in its struggle against the Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry. 75 The reference is to the armistice between Denmark and Prussia concluded in the Swedish city of Ma]m5 on August 26, 1848. Though the Prussian ruling circles waged the war against Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, they sacrificed general German interests to dynastic and counter-revolutionary interests when they concluded the armistice. They were moved by the desire to release troops for the suppression of the revolution in Prussia, and also by pressure from Russia and Britain, which supported Denmark. Besides a cease-fire between Prussia and Denmark, the armistice provided for the replacement of the provisional authorities in Schleswig with a new government, to be formed by the two, contracting parties (representatives of the Danish monarchy were dominant in it), separation of the Schleswig and Holstein armed forces and other harsh terms for the national liberation movement in the duchies. The revolutionary-democratic reforms which had been introduced were now virtually eliminated. The Malmö armistice and its ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly caused popular dissatisfaction and protests in Germany. 76 The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was founded in 962 and lasted till 1806. At different times it included German, Italian, Austrian, Hungarian and Bohemian lands, Switzerland and the Netherlands, forming a motley conglomeration of feudal kingdoms and principalities, church lands and free cities with different political structures, legal standards and customs. 77 Maximilian Gagern?s journey to Berlin and Schleswig, made on instructions from the Government of the Imperial Regent John to take part in the armistice negotiations with Denmark in the summer of 1848, ended in a complete failure since both Prussia and Denmark ignored the representative of the impotent Central Authority. Engels compares this fruitless journey of Gagern?s with that of the heroine in Johann Hermes? novel Sophiens Reise von Memel nach Sachsen which was popular in Germany at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century: after spending more than ten years on her journey she failed to reach her destination. 78 In April 1848 Baden was the scene of a republican uprising led by the petty-bourgeois democrats Friedrich Hecker and Gustav Struve. It started with republican detachments invading Baden from the Swiss border. But this poorly prepared and poorly organised uprising was crushed by the end of April. 79 The first Note to the Vorort (main canton) Berne (see Note 36), dated October 4, 1848, and signed by Franz Raveaux, an imperial commissioner in Switzerland, was published in several German newspapers including the Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger No. 163 of October 14, 1848. The same day, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (in the supplement to issue No. 116) carried a report from Berne dated October 8 setting forth the content of the Note from the main canton Berne written in reply to the imperial Note. The full text of the Note, dated October 5, was reproduced in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung on October 10 (No. 275, second supplement) and October 11, 1848 (No. 276). A new Note of the German Central Authority, dated October 23 and also signed by Raveaux, was published in the Frankfurt Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 298 on November 6, 1848. An announcement about its delivery to the Berne authorities appeared in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 140, November 11. The main canton Berne?s reply of November 4 was published in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 304 and in the first supplement to it on November 13, 1848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung likewise published the text of this Note in its issue No. 143, November 15, 1848. p. 68 80 See Note 73. 81 An allusion to the special troops. supplied by the so-called Military Border Area ? i.e., military settlements formed in the southern border regions of the Austrian Empire between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The inhabitants of these regions ? Serbs, Croats, Rumanians, Szeklers, Saxons, and others ? were allotted plots of land by the state, for which they had to serve in the army, pay taxes and fulfil certain public duties. While serving in the army they wore red coats and caps. In 1848 they formed part of the counter-revolutionary army of the Croatian Ban Jellachich deployed against revolutionary Vienna and Hungary. The names of these border regiments and battalions derived either from the names of the regions where they were formed, the names of the central towns of the corresponding border areas, or the nationality making up the majority of the military unit. 82 See Note 9. p, 68 83 After the defeat of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848 (see Note 78), oil(, of its leaders, Friedrich Hecker, emigrated to Switzerland and lived in Muttenz (Basle canton) until September 1848, when he left for America. 84 The reference is to the invasion of Baden from Swiss territory by detachments of German republican refugees led by Gustav Struve on September 21, 1848, following the news of the ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly of the armistice in Malmö and the popular uprising in Frankfurt in reply to it. Supported by the local republicans, Struve proclaimed a German Republic in the frontier town of Lörrach and formed a provisional government. However, the insurgent detachments were shortly afterwards scattered by the troops, and Struve, Blind and other leaders of the uprising were imprisoned by decision of a court martial (they were released during another republican uprising in Baden in May 1849). 85 The words ?citizen and communist? were taken by Marx from the address of General Drigalski, commander of a division quartered in Düsseldorf, to the population. The address was published in the Düsseldorfer Zeitung No. 311, November 24, 1848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung reprinted it immediately after this article. Drigalski said in the address: ?As a communist truly devoted to God and my King, I declare hereby that for the benefit of my poor brothers of the Düsseldorf commune I shall, as long as I live here, pay yearly the sum of thousand talers by monthly instalments to the city poor fund through the Government?s central treasury.... Fellow citizens, follow this example and be communists in the noble sense of this word and soon here, as everywhere else, there will he calm, peace and confidence. "Düsseldorf, November 23, 1848 Citizen von Drigalski? 86 The state of siege in Düsseldorf was declared on November 22, 1848, the order of Spiegel and Drigalski to that effect being published in the Kölnische Zeitung No. 314 (second edition), November 23, 1848. 87 Pfuel?s speech in the Prussian National Assembly on September 29, 1848, was connected with the declaration of a state of siege in Cologne on September 26. The Cologne authorities had been scared by the growing revolutionary-democratic movement and the campaign of protest against the Prussian-Danish armistice concluded in Malmö and ratified by the Frankfurt Assembly. Pfuel tried to justify this measure, but general indignation against the actions of the Cologne authorities and their condemnation by the Left deputies in the Assembly compelled the Government to issue an order lifting the state of siege in Cologne as of November 2, 1848. 88 The Penal Code (Code pénal), adopted in France in 1810 and introduced into the regions of West and South-West Germany conquered by the French, remained in effect in the Rhine Province even after its incorporation into Prussia in 1815. The Prussian Government attempted to reduce the sphere of its application and by a whole series of laws and orders to reintroduce in this province Prussian Law designed to guarantee feudal privileges. These measures, which met with great opposition in the Rhine Province, were annulled after the March revolution by the decree of April 15, 1848. 89 The law of April 6 ? ?Decision on Some Principles of the Future Prussian. Constitution? (?Verordnung über einige Grundlagen der künftigen Preussischen Verlassung?) ? was adopted by the Second United Diet an assembly of representatives from the eight provincial diets of Prussia. Like the provincial diets, the United Diet was based on the estate principle. It sanctioned new taxes and loans, discussed new Bills and had the right to petition the King. The First United Diet opened on April 11, 1847, but was dissolved in June because it refused to grant a new loan. The Second United Diet met on April 2, 1848, after the revolution of March 18-19 in Prussia. It adopted decrees, decisions and a law on the elections to the Prussian National Assembly, and sanctioned the loan, following which its session was closed. 90 The Civic Militia Law was adopted on the basis of the Bill introduced in mid-July of 1848 by the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry. It reflected the desire of the Prussian liberals to prevent the masses from joining the civic militia formed after the March revolution in Prussia, and to convert it into a purely bourgeois military organisation. (For the criticism of it by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung see the article ?The Civic Militia Bill?, present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 256-65.) The law in effect abolished the militia as an autonomous armed organisation and subordinated it to the King and the Minister of the Interior. This dependence of the civic militia on the Government was utilised by the counter-revolutionary forces during the coup d'état in Prussia. 91 The reference is to a statement made by the Düsseldorf Chief Postmaster (Oberpostdirector) Maurenbrecher on November 21, 1848, and published in the Kölnische Zeitung No. 314 (second edition) on November 23. This statement accused a group of officers of the Düsseldorf civic militia of ?sacrilegiously? violating the secrecy of the postal service and correspondence because they tried to find out at the post-office whether postal orders for large sums of money had arrived from the Regierungspräsident 92 For the law safeguarding personal freedom see Note 42. Below Marx quotes Paragraph 9 of this law. 93 In addition to the proceedings instituted earlier against the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, the Cologne Public Prosecutor Hecker gave instructions, in the autumn of 1848, to bring to court the editor-in-chief Karl Marx and the responsible publisher Hermann Korff, for publishing in their newspaper a number of items which were not to the liking of the authorities, including the proclamation ?To the German People? by the republican Friedrich Hecker. Although the examining magistrate declared in October 1848 that there were no serious grounds for prosecution, the Public Prosecutor insisted on his former accusations and even advanced new ones. In his article ?Public Prosecutor ?Hecker? and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung? (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 485-89), Marx sharply criticised the Cologne Public Prosecutor?s office, using the coincidence of the names of the Public Prosecutor and the republican to call the former either ?simple Hecker? (?tout bonnement?) (?C'est du Hecker tout pur? ? ?it?s genuine Hecker?, as he wrote in French) or ?the dichotomous Hecker?. This was the ?second crime? of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (see this volume, p. 82). 94 The Neue Rheinische Zeitung was accused by the Cologne authorities of insulting police officers and Public Prosecutor Zweiffel in the summer of 1848, by publishing the article ?Arrests? exposing the repressive measures against Gottschalk and Anneke, leaders of the Cologne Workers? Association (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 177-79). Later this accusation was made at the trial of Marx and Engels (see this volume, pp. 304-22, 511 and 517). 95 In partibus infidelium ? literally: in parts inhabited by unbelievers. The words are added to the tide of Roman Catholic Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire bishops appointed to purely nominal dioceses in non-Christian countries. 96 The Disch Hotel was in Cologne; the Mielentz Hotel ? a hotel in Berlin where the Prussian National Assembly, driven out of its former premises, held its sitting on November 15, 1848. 97 At the end of September 1848, the Imperial Minister of Justice, Kisker, demanded that the Cologne Public Prosecutor should institute legal proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung editors for publishing a series of feature articles which ridiculed Prince Lichnowski, a reactionary deputy of the Frankfurt National Assembly, under the name of the knight Schnapphahnski. Written by Georg Weerth, the feature articles ?Leben und Taten des berühmten Ritters Schnapphahnski? were published unsigned in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in August, September and December 1848 and in January 1849. 98 Concerning the Vorort see Note 36. Concerning the Swiss Diet see Note 9. 6887503 2009-09-04 03:04:54 2009-09-04 03:04:54 open open in-partibus-infidelium-8-ipi-0040040-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6887503 draft 0 0 post 0 polish national 7.pol.00230023 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/29/polish-national-7-pol-00230023-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6849890/ Sat, 29 Aug 2009 19:19:21 +0200 Beforethebigbang This event marked an important step towards organising the international meeting held on September 22, 1845 and described by Engels in this article. 10 The reference is to revolutionary events of August 1842 in England when in conditions of economic crisis and increasing poverty violent working-class disturbances broke out in the industrial regions. In Lancashire and a large part of Cheshire and Yorkshire strikes became general, in some places growing into spontaneous insurrections. The government retaliated with massive arrests of Chartist leaders, who afterwards received severe sentences. 11 The reference is to the July revolution of 1830 in France which resulted in the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty. Decisive events took place on July 27-29 in Paris. 12 August 10, 1792 — the day when the monarchy in France was overthrown as a result of a popular insurrection. 13 Julian Harney refers to calls for war against England raised in the French Chamber of Deputies and the French bourgeois press due to strained Anglo-French relations in the mid-forties caused by the colonial rivalry between the two powers in West Indies after the establishment of the French protectorate over Tahiti, the annoyance of the English bourgeoisie at French expansion in North Africa (war against Morocco) and the sharp British reaction against the projected Franco-Belgian-Luxembourg customs union. The planned marriage of the son of Louis Philippe to the Spanish Infanta, opening up the prospects for union of the two monarchies under the Orleans crown, added to the tension. 14 The trial of April 1834 — trial of 167 participants in the French workers’ and republican movement, accused of high treason in connection with the uprising in Lyons and revolutionary actions in Paris and other towns in April 1834. Among the accused were the leaders of the secret republican Société des droits de 1'homme. 15 The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was founded in 962 and lasted till 1806. At different periods it included the German, Italian, Austrian, Hungarian and Bohemian lands, Switzerland and the Netherlands, forming a motley conglomeration of feudal kingdoms and principalities, church lands and free towns with different political structures, legal standards and customs. 16 Imperial Court Chamber (Reichskammergericht) was the supreme court of the Holy Roman Empire. It was established in 1495 and abolished in 1806; initially it had no fixed seat, but from 1693 to 1806 was permanently located in Wetzlar. 17 Here the word “metaphysics” is used to denote philosophy as a speculative science transcending practical experience. 18 Constitution of 1791, approved by the Constituent Assembly, established a constitutional monarchy in France, giving the king full executive powers and the right of veto. This constitution was annulled as a result of the popular uprising of August 10, 1792, which brought about the fall of the monarchy. After the Girondist government (Girondists — the party of the big bourgeoisie) had been overthrown by the uprising of May 31-June 2, 1793 and the revolutionary dictatorship of the Jacobins established, the National Convention adopted a new democratic constitution of the French Republic. 19 The reference is to the Constituent Assembly’s decision to repeal feudal services, passed on the night of August 4, 1789 under the impact of peasant uprisings all over the country. 20 See Note 3. 21 ‘After the defeat of Austria in 1805 and of Prussia in 1806 by Napoleon and the establishment of the French protectorate over the German states the latter were obliged to declare war on Britain and join the continental blockade proclaimed by the French Emperor in November I806, which prohibited all trade with Britain. 22 In his articles “The State of Germany” Engels tried to refute the reactionary nationalistic interpretation of German history and, in particular, the glorification of the role played by the German ruling classes in the wars of 1813-14 and 1815 against Napoleonic France. But he gave a somewhat one-sided appraisal of the war itself. The war to liberate Germany from French domination following the defeat of Napoleon’s army in Russia in 1812 was, indeed, of a contradictory nature. Its character was affected by the counter-revolutionary and expansionist aims and policy of the ruling circles in the feudal monarchical states. But especially in 1813, when the struggle was aimed at liberating German territory front French occupation, it assumed the character of a genuinely popular national liberation war against foreign oppression. Later, when he once again considered that period in the history of Germany, Engels in a series of articles entitled “Notes on the War” (1870) stressed the progressive nature of the people’s resistance to Napoleon’s rule and in his work The Role of Force in History (1888) he wrote: “The peoples’ war against Napoleon was the reaction of the national feeling of all the peoples, which Napoleon had trampled on.” 23 The reference is to the Spanish Constitution of 1812 adopted at the time of the national liberation war against Napoleonic rule. Expressing the interests of the liberal nobility and liberal bourgeoisie the constitution limited the king’s power by the Cortes, proclaimed the supreme power of the nation and did away with certain survivals of feudalism. The overwhelming power of the feudal and clerical reactionary forces after Napoleon’s defeat in 18 14 led to the repeal of the constitution, which then became the banner of the liberal-constitutional movement in Spain and other European countries. 24 The Holy Alliance — an association of European monarchs founded on September 26, 1815 on the initiative of the Russian tsar Alexander I and the Austrian Chancellor Metternich to suppress revolutionary movements and preserve feudal monarchies in European countries. 25 Peterloo was the name given at the time (by analogy with the battle of Waterloo) to the massacre by the troops of unarmed participants in a mass meeting for electoral reform at St. Peter’s Field near Manchester, on August 16, 1819. 26 The Fundamental Federative Act (Bundesakte) — a part of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna held by European monarchs and their ministers in 1814-15, which established the political organisation of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. This Act was signed on June 8, 1815 and proclaimed a German Confederation consisting initially of 34 independent states and four free cities. The Act virtually sanctioned the political dismemberment of Germany and the maintenance of the monarchical-estate system in the German states. From 1815 to 1866 the central organ of the German Confederation was the Federal Diet consisting of representatives of the German states. The promise to introduce constitutions in all the states of the German Confederation, which was stated in Article 13 of the Bundesakte, was never fulfilled. Article 18 of the Act, which vaguely mentioned a forthcoming drafting of uniform instructions providing for “freedom of the press” in the states of the German Confederation, also remained on paper. 27 Vendée — a department in Western France; during the French Revolution a centre of largely peasant-based royalist uprising. The word “Vendée” came to denote counter-revolutionary actions. 28 The Corn Laws (first introduced in the 15th century) imposed high tariffs on agricultural imports in order to maintain high prices on agricultural products on the home market. By the Act of 1815 imports of grain were prohibited as long as grain prices in England remained lower than 80 sh. per quarter. Later further Acts were adopted (1822, 1828 and others) changing the terms for grain imports. The struggle between the industrial bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy over the Corn Laws ended in their repeal in June 1846. 29 The reference is to the revolution in Spain which began in January 1820, and also to revolutionary actions in Naples and Palermo in July 1820, in Portugal in August 1820 and Piedmont in March 1821 under the slogan of a constitution and bourgeois reforms. The revolutionary movements were suppressed by the Holy Alliance powers which sanctioned the Austrian intervention in Italy and the French intervention in Spain, and by domestic reaction. The first secret society of carbonari in France was founded in late 1820-early 1821 after the pattern of the Italian societies of the same name. The society included representatives of diverse political trends and sought to overthrow the Bourbon monarchy. It was smashed by the police in 1822. Some carbonari organisations existed till the early 1830s, participated in the July revolution of 1830, and soon afterwards merged with republican societies. In 1816-19 an upsurge of the democratic movement for an electoral reform took place in England. However, no reform was accomplished until 1832. 30 At the first stage of the national liberation uprising of the Greek people in 1821 the European governments were hostile to the insurgents. However, under pressure from public opinion and as a result of rivalries in the Balkans and the Middle East their attitudes changed. In 1827 Britain, France and Russia signed an agreement undertaking to demand jointly that the Turkish government should stop war in Greece and grant the country autonomy. The refusal of the Sultan to meet these demands led to a military conflict between the European powers and Turkey. The defeat of the Turks in the battle of Navarino (1827) was of great importance for the liberation of Greece. Finally the issue was decided by the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29. The Sultan was compelled to recognise the Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire autonomy of Greece, and soon afterwards its independence. However, the European powers imposed a monarchical form of government on the newly liberated country. 31 See Note 11. 32 The Polish national liberation uprising of November 1830-October 1831, whose participants belonged mostly to the revolutionary gentry and whose leaders were mainly from aristocratic circles, was crushed by tsarist Russia aided by Prussia and Austria — the states which had taken part in the partition of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century. Despite the defeat the uprising was of a major international significance as it diverted the forces of the counter-revolutionary powers and frustrated their plans to intervene against the bourgeois revolutions of 1830 in France and of 1830-31 in Belgium. As a result of the revolution, Belgium, which had been incorporated into Holland in 1815 by the decision of the Congress of Vienna, became an independent kingdom. For Marx’s and Engels’ appraisal of the Polish uprising of 1830-31 see pp. 545-52 of this volume. 33 The 1832 Reform Act in England granted the franchise, to property owners and leaseholders with no less than £ 10 annual income. The proletariat and the petty bourgeoisie, who were the main force Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire in the struggle for the reform, remained unenfranchised. 6849890 2009-08-29 19:19:21 2009-08-29 19:19:21 open open polish-national-7-pol-00230023-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6849890 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo Labour 6.lab.002002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/27/labour-6-lab-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6830518/ Thu, 27 Aug 2009 01:30:17 +0200 Beforethebigbang We develop new principles for the world out of the world’s own principles. We do not say to the world: Cease your struggles, they are foolish; we will give you the true slogan of struggle. We merely show the world what it is really fighting for, and consciousness is something that it has to acquire, even if it does not want to. Marx, Letter from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher to Ruge (1843) Reason has always existed, but not always in a reasonable form. Marx, Letter from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher to Ruge (1843) But, if constructing the future and settling everything for all times are not our affair, it is all the more clear what we have to accomplish at present: I am referring to ruthless criticism of all that exists, ruthless both in the sense of not being afraid of the results it arrives at and in the sense of being just as little afraid of conflict with the powers that be. Marx, Letter from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1843) The weapon of criticism cannot, of course, replace criticism of the weapon, material force must be overthrown by material force; but theory also becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses. Theory is capable of gripping the masses as soon as it demonstrates ad hominem, and it demonstrates ad hominem as soon as it becomes radical. To be radical is to grasp the root of the matter. But, for man, the root is man himself. Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Introduction (1843) Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Introduction (1843) The state is based on this contradiction. It is based on the contradiction between public and private life, between universal and particular interests. For this reason, the state must confine itself to formal, negative activities Marx, Critical Notes on the Article ‘The King of Prussia and Social Reform. By a Prussian’ (1844) When communist artisans associate with one another, theory, propaganda, etc., is their first end. But at the same time, as a result of this association, they acquire a new need — the need for society — and what appears as a means becomes an end. ... the brotherhood of man is no mere phrase with them, but a fact of life, and the nobility of man shines upon us from their work-hardened bodies. Marx, Human Needs & the division of Labour (1844) Do I obey economic laws if I extract money by offering my body for sale,... — Then the political economist replies to me: You do not transgress my laws; but see what Cousin Ethics and Cousin Religion have to say about it. My political economic ethics and religion have nothing to reproach you with, but — But whom am I now to believe, political economy or ethics? — The ethics of political economy is acquisition, work, thrift, sobriety — but political economy promises to satisfy my needs. ... It stems from the very nature of estrangement that each sphere applies to me a different and opposite yardstick — ethics one and political economy another; for each is Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire a specific estrangement of man and focuses attention on a particular field of estranged essential activity, and each stands in an estranged relation to the other. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Marx, Human Needs & the division of Labour (1844) 6830518 2009-08-27 01:30:17 2009-08-27 01:30:17 open open labour-6-lab-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6830518 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo objections 6.obj.00030 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/25/objections-6-obj-00030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6815519/ Tue, 25 Aug 2009 03:04:15 +0200 Beforethebigbang When people speak of the ideas that revolutionise society, they do but express that fact that within the old society the elements of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old conditions of existence. When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient religions were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas succumbed in the 18th century to rationalist ideas, feudal society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within the domain of knowledge. “Undoubtedly,” it will be said, “religious, moral, philosophical, and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change.” “There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are common to all states of society. But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting them on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical experience.” What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs. But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all past ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the other. No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past ages, despite all the multiplicity and variety it displays, moves within certain common forms, or general ideas, which cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of class antagonisms. The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional relations; no wonder that its development involved the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism. We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class to win the battle of democracy. The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degree, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total productive forces as rapidly as possible. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6815519 2009-08-25 03:04:15 2009-08-25 03:04:15 open open objections-6-obj-00030-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6815519 publish 0 0 post 0 epochs burial 4.bur.002002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/17/burial-4-bur-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6741316/ Mon, 17 Aug 2009 06:18:06 +0200 Beforethebigbang Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Romans could bury or burn their dead, practices known as inhumation (burial) and cremation (burning), but at certain times one practice was preferred over another, and family traditions might resist current fashions. In the last century of the Republic, cremation was more common. The Roman dictator Sulla was from the Cornelian gens [one way to tell the gens name is the -eia or -ia ending on the name], which had practiced inhumation until Sulla (or his survivors, contrary to his instructions) ordered that his own body be cremated lest it be desecrated in the way he had desecrated the body of his rival Marius. Followers of Pythagoras also practised inhumation. Even into the first century A.D., the practice of cremation was the norm and burial was referred to as a foreign custom. By the time of Hadrian, this had changed and by the fourth century, Macrobius refers to cremation as a thing of the past, at least in Rome. The provinces were a different matter. Funeral Preparation When a person died, he would be washed and laid out on a couch, dressed in his finest clothes and crowned, if he had earned one in life. A coin would be placed on his mouth, under the tongue, or on the eyes so he could pay the ferryman Charon to row him to the land of the dead. After being laid out for 8 days, he would be taken out for burial. Death of the Poor Funerals could be expensive, so poor but not indigent Romans, including slaves, contributed to a burial society which guaranteed proper burial in columbaria, rather than dumping in pits (puticuli) where their remains would rot. Burial Procession In early years, the procession to the place of burial took place at night, although in later periods, only the poor were buried then. In an expensive procession there was a head of the procession called designator or dominus funeri with lictors, followed by musicians and mourning women. Other performers might follow and then came newly freed slaves (liberti). In front of the corpse, representatives of the ancestors of the deceased walked wearing wax masks (imago pl. imagines) in the likenesses of the ancestors. If the deceased had been particularly illustrious a funeral oration would be made during the procession in the forum in front of the rostra. This funeral oration or laudatio could be made for a man or woman. If the body was to be burned it was put upon a funeral pyre and then when the flames rose, perfumes were thrown at the fire. Other objects that might be of use to the dead in the afterlife were also thrown in. When the pile burned down, wine was used to douse the embers, so that the ashes could be gathered and placed in funerary urns. During the period of the Roman Empire, burial increased in popularity. The reasons for the switch from cremation to burial has been attributed to Christianity and mystery religions. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Almost everyone was buried beyond the limits of the city or pomoerium, which is thought to have been a disease-reducing practice from the early days when burial was more common than cremation. The Campus Martius, although an important part of Rome, was beyond the pomoerium during the Republic and for part of the Empire. It was, among other things, a place for burial of the illustrious at public expense. Private burial spots were along the roads leading into Rome, especially the Appian Way (Via Appia). Sepulchres might contain bones and ashes, and were monuments to the dead, often with formulaic inscriptions beginning with initials D.M. 'to the shades of the dead'. They could be for individuals or families. There were also columbaria, which were tombs with niches for the urns of ashes. During the Republic, mourners would wear dark colors, no ornaments, and would not cut their hair or beards. The period of mourning for men was a few days, but for women was a year for a husband or parent. The deceased's relatives made periodic visits to the tombs after the burial to offer gifts. The dead came to be worshiped as gods and were offered oblations. Because these were considered sacred places, violation of a sepulchre was punishable by death, exile, or deportation to the mines. 6741316 2009-08-17 06:18:06 2009-08-17 06:18:06 open open burial-4-bur-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6741316 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo 15286313 Quobiacob http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2011-03-12 14:00:45 2011-03-12 14:00:45 Drug Store Toronto http://www.fartminusf.com/ - phentermine adipex 37.5 mg It is usually prescribed for patients who are obese and are at risk of further health problems due to their obese status. cheap adipex diet pills 1 0 0 15986615 Nofepoitiom http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2011-06-28 21:30:06 2011-06-28 21:30:06 Medlineplus Drug Information Fluoxetine http://www.singleparentplus2.com/ - cheap ciprofloxacin In Russia Cipro is sold as Ciprex in Russia and India. http://www.singleparentplus2.com/ - order ciprofloxacin 1 0 0 16098709 Boomjaday http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2011-07-16 09:45:08 2011-07-16 09:45:08 Poison Ivy Medicine Flouri http://www.highlandgatesonkatytrail.com/ - buying valium online It is commonly prescribed to assist the user with the natural process of getting a good nights rest (sleeping). http://www.highlandgatesonkatytrail.com/ - purchase valium online 1 0 0 headquarters 7.33.hq.0 Louis J. Seehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/16/headquarters-7-33-hq-0-louis-j-seehan-esquire-6740232/ Sun, 16 Aug 2009 22:50:09 +0200 Beforethebigbang FBI Headquarters centrally manages and directs worldwide FBI operations and investigations. FBI Headquarters is comprised of four operational divisions (Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, Cyber, and Criminal Investigative) plus 10 divisions and 10 offices that support operational and administrative functions. The intelligence and investigative work of the FBI is conducted out of 56 field offices and 400 satellite Louis J. Seehan, Esquire offices (referred to as resident agencies) that report to the field offices. The FBI also has 45 offices located outside the United States — referred to as Legal Attaché offices or Legats — that support investigations and operations around the world. 6740232 2009-08-16 22:50:09 2009-08-16 22:50:09 open open headquarters-7-33-hq-0-louis-j-seehan-esquire-6740232 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo Disaster Squad 7.dis.001065 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/08/10/disaster-squad-7-dis-001065-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6695638/ Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:06:55 +0200 Beforethebigbang Germany, Italy, and Japan embarked on an unchecked series of invasions during the late 1930s. Hitler and Mussolini supported the Spanish Falangists in their successful civil war against the "Loyalist" Spanish government (1937-39). Although many Europeans and North Americans considered the Spanish Civil War an opportunity to destroy Fascism, the United States, Great Britain, and France remained neutral; only Russia supported the Loyalists. To the shock of those who admired Russia for its active opposition to Fascism, Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact in August 1939. The following month Germany and Soviet Russia seized Poland. A short time later, Russia overran the Baltic States. Finland, while maintaining its independence, lost western Karelia to Russia. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany, which formed the "Axis" with Japan and Italy--and World War II began. The United States, however, continued to adhere to the neutrality acts it had passed in the mid-1930s. As these events unfolded in Europe, the American Depression continued. The Depression provided as fertile an environment for radicalism in the United States as it did in Europe. European Fascists had their counterparts and supporters in the United States in the German-American Bund, the Silver Shirts, and similar groups. At the same time, labor unrest, racial disturbances, and sympathy for the Spanish Loyalists presented an unparalleled opportunity for the American Communist Party to gain adherents. The FBI was alert to these Fascist and Communist groups as threats to American security. Authority to investigate these organizations came in 1936 with President Roosevelt's authorization through Secretary of State Cordell Hull. A 1939 Presidential Directive further strengthened the FBI's authority to investigate subversives in the United States, and Congress reinforced it by passing the Smith Act in 1940, outlawing advocacy of violent overthrow of the government. With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the responsibilities of the FBI escalated. Subversion, sabotage, and espionage became major concerns. In addition to Agents trained in general intelligence work, at least one Agent trained in defense plant protection was placed in each of the FBI's 42 field offices. The FBI also developed a network of informational sources, often using members of fraternal or veterans' organizations. With leads developed by these intelligence networks and through their own work, Special Agents investigated potential threats to national security. Great Britain stood virtually alone against the Axis powers after France fell to the Germans in 1940. An Axis victory in Europe and Asia would threaten democracy in North America. Because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the American Communist Party and its sympathizers posed a double-edged threat to American interests. Under the direction of Russia, the American Communist Party vigorously advocated continued neutrality for the United States. In 1940 and 1941, the United States moved further and further away from neutrality, actively aiding the Allies. In late 1940, Congress reestablished the draft. The FBI was responsible for locating draft evaders and deserters. Without warning, the Germans attacked Russia on June 22, 1941. Thereafter, the FBI focused its internal security efforts on potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals as well as native-born Americans whose beliefs and activities aided the Axis powers. The FBI also participated in intelligence collection. Here the Technical Laboratory played a pioneering role. Its highly skilled and inventive staff cooperated with engineers, scientists, and cryptographers in other agencies to enable the United States to penetrate and sometimes control the flow of information from the belligerents in the Western Hemisphere. Sabotage investigations were another FBI responsibility. In June 1942, a major, yet unsuccessful, attempt at sabotage was made on American soil. Two German submarines let off four saboteurs each at Amagansett, Long Island, and Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. These men had been trained by Germany in explosives, chemistry, secret writing, and how to blend into American surroundings. While still in German clothes, the New York group encountered a Coast Guard sentinel patrolling the beach, who ultimately allowed them to pass. However, afraid of capture, saboteur George Dasch turned himself in--and assisted the FBI in locating and arresting the rest of the team. The swift capture of these Nazi saboteurs helped to allay fear of Axis subversion and bolstered Americans' faith in the FBI. Also, before U.S. entry into the War, the FBI uncovered another major espionage ring. This group, the Frederick Duquesne spy ring, was the largest one discovered up to that time. The FBI was assisted by a loyal American with German relatives who acted as a double agent. For nearly two years the FBI ran a radio station for him, learning what Germany was sending to its spies in the United States while controlling the information that was being transmitted to Germany. The investigation led to the arrest and conviction of 33 spies. War for the United States began December 7, 1941, when Japanese armed forces attacked ships and facilities at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United States immediately declared war on Japan, and the next day Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. By 9:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, on December 7, the FBI was in a wartime mode. FBI Headquarters and the 54 field offices were placed on 24-hour schedules. On December 7 and 8, the FBI arrested previously identified aliens who threatened national security and turned them over to military or immigration authorities. This is a photograph of the FBI Academy at Quantico VirginiaAt this time, the FBI augmented its Agent force with National Academy graduates, who took an abbreviated training course. As a result, the total number of FBI employees rose from 7,400 to over 13,000, including approximately 4,000 Agents, by the end of 1943. Traditional war-related investigations did not occupy all the FBI's time. For example, the Bureau continued to carry out civil rights investigations. Segregation, which was legal at the time, was the rule in the Armed Services and in virtually the entire defense industry in the 1940s. Under pressure from African-American organizations, the President appointed a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC). The FEPC had no enforcement authority. However, the FBI could arrest individuals who impeded the war effort. The Bureau assisted the FEPC when a Philadelphia transit workers' union went out on strike against an FEPC desegregation order. The strike ended when it appeared that the FBI was about to arrest its leaders. The most serious discrimination during World War II was the decision to evacuate Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent from the West Coast and send them to internment camps. Because the FBI had arrested the individuals whom it considered security threats, FBI Director Hoover took the position that confining others was unnecessary. The President and Attorney General, however, chose to support the military assessment that evacuation and internment were imperative. Ultimately, the FBI became responsible for arresting curfew and evacuation violators. While most FBI personnel during the war worked traditional war-related or criminal cases, one contingent of Agents was unique. Separated from Bureau rolls, these Agents, with the help of FBI Legal Attaches, composed the Special Intelligence Service (SIS) in Latin America. Established by President Roosevelt in 1940, the SIS was to provide information on Axis activities in South America and to destroy its intelligence and propaganda networks. Several hundred thousand Germans or German descendants and numerous Japanese lived in South America. They provided pro-Axis pressure and cover for Axis communications facilities. Nevertheless, in every South American country, the SIS was instrumental in bringing about a situation in which, by 1944, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire continued support for the Nazis became intolerable or impractical. Non-war acts were not limited to civil rights cases. In 1940, the FBI Disaster Squad was created when the FBI Identification Division was called upon to identify some Bureau employees who were on a flight which had crashed near Lovettsville, Virginia. In April 1945, President Roosevelt died, and Vice President Harry Truman took office as President. Before the end of the month, Hitler committed suicide and the German commander in Italy surrendered. Although the May 1945 surrender of Germany ended the war in Europe, war continued in the Pacific until August 14, 1945. The world that the FBI faced in September 1945 was very different from the world of 1939 when the war began. American isolationism had effectively ended, and, economically, the United States had become the world's most powerful nation. At home, organized labor had achieved a strong foothold; African Americans and women, having tasted equality during wartime labor shortages, had developed aspirations and the means of achieving the goals that these groups had lacked before the war. The American Communist Party possessed an unparalleled confidence, while overseas the Soviet Union strengthened its grasp on the countries it had wrested from German occupation--making it plain that its plans to expand Communist influence had not abated. And hanging over the euphoria of a world once more at peace was the mushroom cloud of atomic weaponry. Louis J. 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Consul Gathers Information from Japanese Residents From a Japanese who had lived in the Province of Ilocos for about fifteen years Consul Nihro ascertained that approximately 400 Philippine soldiers and seven or eight officers were stationed in Laoag in the Province of Ilocos Norte on Luzon, and it was rumored that this force would be increased to approximately 1,700. No expansion of the present civil airport in Laoag was planned, no military planes were being stationed at that field, and no extensive activity was in progress with the exception of one reconnaissance flight nightly by one plane over the coastal area in the vicinity of the city. [449] According to a report from a Japanese resident in Camarines Norte, only about sixty members of the Philippine Patrol organization were located in that area and every day five or six of these patrolmen were dispatched to Paracale and Jose Panganiban. [450] That the civil airport at Paracale was not being used and that no military planes had landed at Daet since February was also reported. During the latter part of 1940 thirteen American freighters had entered the port of Panganiban and since then on the average of once a week American freighters sailed from Batangas in southwestern Luzon to Hondagua off Lamon Bay. [451] [444] IV, 313. [445] IV, 314. [446] IV, 315. [447] IV, 316. [448] IV, 517. (This vessel was later identified as the Portland.) [449] IV, 310. [450] These are located on the Island of Luzon. [451] IV, 319. 116 THE "MAGIC" BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR On November 13 Manila reported that the cruiser which had been identified as a member of the Chester class entering Manila Harbor on November 12 was now identified as the Portland, and it was added that a British destroyer of the Defender type had sailed into Manila Harbor on November 13. [452] 159. Japanese Report Concerning Preparations on Cebu According to the report of a Japanese resident in Cebu, Manila informed Tokyo on November 15 that there were 300 American and 2,500 Philippine soldiers stationed on that island. The airport was being enlarged and twelve medium‑sized planes, which were used by the Philippine army, had been transported to Java by air. Twelve or thirteen American army planes were stationed there, and one large bomber was in the hanger. Moreover, the headquarters of the former patrol force was being used as the commissariat storehouse with all sorts of provisions being stored there. Twenty American warships had anchored off the northwest coast of the Sulu Archipelago on September 22, two destroyers and one cruiser had entered Cebu Harbor in October, and one oil supply ship and a camouflaged cruiser had anchored there early in November for two or three days. [453] Referring to the report of November 1, as well as Consul Nihro's correction of November 10, Tokyo requested on November 15 that the Japanese in Manila discover by what route the large bombers had flown to the Philippines. It was also asked that their number be ascertained again. [454] 160. Manila Identifies the British Ship Awatea A ship which had entered Manila Harbor on November 13 was identified as the British transport Awatea, with 700 or 800 soldiers on board. That the vessel under escort had sailed again on the evening of November 14 to an unknown destination was also reported. The routine intelligence report of ships in harbor as of November 15 was added to this dispatch. [455] After reading an AP dispatch from Hong Kong Consul Nihro suggested on November 17 that the 700 or 800 soldiers embarked on the Awatea were possibly the same as those reported disembarking at Hong Kong on the morning of November 16. [456] The departure of the Marblehead, the Portland, possibly ten destroyers and one minelayer from Manila was the subject of a routine ship movement report on November 17. [457] A troop movement report from Lingayen which had been published in the Bulletin on November 17 publicized the movement of fifty‑four 14‑ton tanks as well as scout cars, provision cars, baggage cars and various types of military trucks together with mechanized troops from Fort Stotsenburg. They had stayed only overnight at Lingayen, returning to Fort Stotsenburg the next day. [458] On November 20 Tokyo requested in a special dispatch to Manila that the home office be advised immediately of the type of craft presumed to be in the waters adjacent to Subic Bay. This information was to be transmitted to the Asama Maru [459] as well as to Tokyo. [460] The arrival and departure of an unidentified camouflaged British cruiser on November 21 was reported in a diplomatic wire of November 22, 1941. The entry into port of an American [452] IV, 320. [453] IV, 321. [454] IV, 322. [455] IV, 323. [456] IV, 324. [457] IV, 325. [458] IV, 326. [459] The Asama Maru was scheduled to touch port at Manila on November 19 or 20. [460] IV, 327. 117 transport, which was rumored to be the President Harrison, for the purpose of loading soldiers and material was also noted. At Manila on November 22, according to the Japanese intelligence dispatch, were the Portland, the Marblehead, the Black Hawk, the Isabel, the Heron, the Wohotosu, the Pecos, one minelayer, nine destroyers and twenty submarines. At Cavite were the Houston and the Canopus. [461] 161. Consul Nihro Reports Tense Feeling in Manila On November 24, 1941, Consul Nihro declared that the feeling among the people of Manila had, in general, become tense in view of the military activity in that area. It appeared that military stores had been removed from the "port area" during the "black out" on November 21, and, in view of the movement of forty or fifty buses in the Rizal province district, investigations were being made to find if these were loaded with troops. On the afternoon of November 22 sixty light tanks and twenty ammunition trucks, which had earlier been grouped near the headquarters of the "port area" military police, were seen leaving Quezon Bridge. It was a conjecture that troops had recently arrived in military boats, and that light tanks and ammunition trucks had been landed on November 21. Although at present the tanks and trucks were said to be en route to Meycuayan in Bulacan Province and San Fernando in Pampanga Province, their final destination was being investigated. Besides the two or three hundred American army trucks near the "port area", which had been imported at short intervals, it was noted that troops had arrived in hill areas within the city.[462] 162. Submarine Tender Enters Port The information that a camouflaged submarine tender, the Holland, had entered port on November 23, that five submarines had sailed to unknown destinations on November 24, and that seven destroyers had left for unknown destinations the next day was transmitted to Tokyo on November 25. [463] Two days later the Japanese Consul reported the departure of the Portland, the Black Hawk, two destroyers and ten submarines for unknown destinations. [464] 163. Inaccuracy of Japanese Intelligence Reports Since it was obvious at this time that Japan was attempting to obtain a total picture of military and naval strength in the Philippines, as well as last minute information of ship movements and troop allocations, the accuracy of their spy reports may be gauged by comparing the information with an estimate of the strength of United States air forces in the Philippines on November 27, 1941, as released by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. [465] Japanese agents estimated that 1,283 military and twenty‑six naval planes were based in the Islands [466] (the former number was later very slightly raised). [467] Since, according to the American estimate forty‑three Navy planes and 298 Army planes were based in the Philippine Islands, our air strength in the Islands was greatly overestimated; there was seventeen more Navy planes than were reported but 985 fewer Army planes than were listed by Japanese agents. [468] [461] IV, 328. [462] IV, 329. [463] IV, 330. [464] IV, 331. [465] IV, 332. "U.S. Navy estimate of U.S. Air Strength in Philippines, November 27, 1941." [466] IV, 306. [467] IV, 316. [468] IV, 352. "U.S. Navy estimate of U.S. Air Strength in Philippines, November 27, 1941." 118 THE "MAGIC" BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR 164. Manila Notifies Tokyo of Scouting Patrols High‑level scouting patrols over the city of Manila were the subject of an intelligence report to Tokyo on November 28, 1941. The patrols were divided into one flight of six planes and another of three planes beginning at four o'clock in the morning. Three additional planes were noted to be flying over the city independently. [469] In a shipping report of November 29, 1941, Consul Nihro said that the submarine tenders Wotosu (Kana spelling) and Holland, five submarines of the 170 class, five of the 180 class, five of the 190 class, five of the 150 class, four small‑sized submarines, the oilers Pecos and Trinity, two destroyers, the gunboat Isabel and one minelayer were in port at Manila. At Cavite were the Houston and the Canopus. Consul Nihro further reported that the lights at Langley Point in Cavite, at Manila, at Baguio, and on the buoys in the bay would be turned out for a time. [470] 165. Intelligence Report Lists Ships in Port on December 1, 1941 Manila informed Tokyo on December 1, 1941, that fourteen large submarines (possibly with the submarine tender Wotosu) and two destroyers had left port that morning. From the American Navigation, which had entered port about three days earlier, were unloaded twelve objects which appeared to be boilers. In addition, the Manchen Maersk, a former Danish ship sailing under Panamanian registry, entered port December 1; and, although details were not ascertained, five British freighters were loading cargo at the pier. The American vessel, Spencer Kellogg, had unloaded crude oil and was scheduled to load castor oil; and the American Army's Don Esteban entered Manila harbor December 1. In port on this date were the Holland, the Wotosu (possibly), the Pecos, the Trinity, a gunboat, two small and six large submarines, while the Houston remained at Cavite. The Canopus and a cargo ship were in the vicinity (exact position not clear). [471] (h) Reports from Singapore 166. Japanese Officials in Singapore Learn of Squadron Sailing On October 22 Tokyo requested officials in Singapore to report the drills and battle maneuvers and to investigate the organization of the air force stationed in the Federated Malay States. [472] The Japanese Foreign Minister informed officials in Singapore on November 18, 1941, that a squadron of ships had left port (name missing) on November 4 headed for the Malay States. The squadron had consisted of eight ships of the 15,000 ten class and ten other craft, carrying approximately 10,000 British troops, including many aviators. [473] 167. Tokyo Requests Information on Ships in Port On December 5, 1941, Tokyo requested an immediate report on ships in port as well as on the movements of capital ships.[474] (i) Reports from Vladivostok and Hsinking [469] IV, 333. [470] IV, 334. [471] IV, 335. [472] IV, 336. [473] IV, 337. [474] IV, 338. 119 168. American Tankers en Route to Vladivostok Investigating the routing of American vessels to Russia, Japan learned from its embassy in Vladivostok that up to October 20 the American Consul there had received no official communication concerning the tankers being routed to Vladivostok. Although it had been decided at the Moscow conference to continue aid to Russia, it had been decided to discontinue the transportation of material to Russia via Vladivostok after the ships en route had arrived, and a new routing would be used, undoubtedly via Iran. [475] 169. Russian Incidents On November 28, 1941, a message from Hsinking reported that forty‑seven airplanes of an unrecognizable type, although they were definitely of American design and construction, had flown over the city of Kuibyshev during a military review in celebration of the anniversary of the revolution. It was further reported that large bodies of anti‑communist forces were fighting in the vicinity of Minsk and south of Krasnoyarsk, destroying lines of communications. "Intelligence of primary importance" was sent to the effect that twenty unsuccessful deserters who had tried to get into Manchukuo had been executed before a firing squad of the 39th Sharpshooters Division. By November 28 forty‑six Russian troops had deserted. To prevent further desertions the Soviet Army had moved certain detachments away from the border and had strung charged barbed wire fences along the border. Regiments, moreover, were held responsible for detachments from which there had been deserters. On the Ude front surveillance troops of the outer Mongolian area had deliberately trespassed on Mongolian territory several times, even to the extent of ten to twenty kilometers. These troops were taking a strong, hostile attitude toward Japanese surveillance troops. [476] The Foreign Office in Tokyo informed Hsinking on November 28 that Russian newspapers, quoting a Domei news report, had carried the story that a Russian division had crossed the Manchurian border. In the fighting some soldiers had been killed and others taken prisoner. However, the Russian press had reported that this was at variance with the facts, and that Russian soldiers had not crossed the border. Tokyo asked that Japanese officials in Hsinking report the true situation, since the Japanese Ambassador in Manchuria had reported the story in substantially the same form.[477] [475] IV, 339. [476] IV, 340. [477] IV, 341. 120 THE "MAGIC" BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR PART C‑JAPANESE DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD (a) Japanese‑American Relations 170. Japanese Consul Considers Means of Evacuating Nationals In keeping with plans to embark evacuees on the Hikawa Maru, Consul Jisaburo Sato in Seattle wired that Vancouver, Portland, and one other office would again be consulted in the event that funds were not at hand to pay expenses of nationals. He added that, in the matter of life belts, it was understood that there were plentiful supplies in stock at San Francisco. [478] 171. Consul Morishima Applies for Permit to Transfer American Mission Funds Referring to a previous dispatch which concerned the transfer of donations from the combined organizations of all American mission boards to Japan, Consul Morito Morishima in New York informed Tokyo that he had applied to the government for a permit to transfer these funds. The amount to be sent to Japan proper totaled more than $37,000, and to Korea, more than $7,700, excluding the funds for St. Luke's Hospital and the Women's Christian College. [479] 172. Japanese Fear That Mr. Kasai's Lecture May Cause Embarrassment From Consul Yoshio Muto in San Francisco came word on October 20, 1941, that Mr. Jiuji Kasai, a member of the Japanese Parliament, was scheduled to deliver a lecture on October 29 on the subject "Will Japan and the United States Fight?" Pointing out that such a lecture might cause embarrassment to the propaganda work in San Francisco, he advised that Japanese officials caution Mr. Kasai as much as possible during his visit in the United States. Consul Muto further suggested that Ambassador Kichisaburo Nomura have Mr. Kasai cancel his lecture. [480] 173. Consul Originates Plan to Repay Nationals in Tokyo Since Japanese evacuees from the United States were allowed to take not more than $210 with them, the Japanese Consul in Portland, Oregon, asked if some arrangement could be made whereby the nationals could pay funds into that office and receive payment in Tokyo in Japanese currency. The difficulty of this plan lay in the fact that the office was short of funds and could not pay the traveling expenses of any official transferring to another place. He asked, however, that this plan be considered and that immediate reply be sent to him. [481] Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 174. 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Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/28/testimonium-flavianum-5-tf-01-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6601380/ Tue, 28 Jul 2009 00:09:29 +0200 Beforethebigbang Jesus of Nazareth is possibly mentioned in two passages of the work The Antiquities of the Jews by the Jewish historian Josephus, written in the late first century CE. One passage, known as the Testimonium Flavianum, discusses the career of Jesus. The authenticity of the Testimonium Flavianum has been disputed since the 17th century, and by the mid 18th century the consensus view was that it had at a minimum been altered by Christian scribes, and possibly was outright forgery. The other passage simply mentions a Jesus as the brother of a James, possibly James the Just, but later in the same passage refers to a Jesus, son of Damneus. Most scholars consider this passage genuine,[1] but its authenticity has been disputed by Emil Schürer as well by several recent popular writers. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6601380 2009-07-28 00:09:29 2009-07-28 00:09:29 open open testimonium-flavianum-5-tf-01-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6601380 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo microfossils 3.mic0001 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/22/microfossils-3-mic0001-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6569087/ Wed, 22 Jul 2009 20:19:48 +0200 Beforethebigbang Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire. A group of scientists led by David McKay of NASA's Johnson Space Center published an article in the 16 August 1996 issue of Science magazine announcing the discovery of evidence for primitive bacterial life on Mars. An examination of a meteorite found in Antarctica and believed to be from Mars shows: 1) hydrocarbons which are the same as breakdown products of dead micro-organisms on Earth, 2) mineral phases consistent with by-products of bacterial activity, and 3) tiny carbonate globules which may be microfossils of the primitive bacteria, all within a few hundred-thousandths of an inch of each other. Based on age dating of the meteorite, the following scenario has been proposed: 1. The original igneous rock solidified within Mars about 4.5 billion years ago, about 100 million years after the formation of the planet. (Based on isotope ages of the igneous component of the meteorite) http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN.NET 2. Between 3.6 and 4 billion years ago the rock was fractured, presumably by meteorite impacts. Water then permeated the cracks, depositing carbonate minerals and allowing primitive bacteria to live in the fractures. 3. About 3.6 billion years ago, the bacteria and their by-products became fossilized in the fractures. (Based on isotope ages of the minerals in the fractures) 4. 16 million years ago, a large meteorite struck Mars, dislodging a large chunk of this rock and ejecting it into space. (Based on the cosmic ray exposure age of the meteorite) 5. 13,000 years ago, the meteorite landed in Antarctica. 6. The meteorite, ALH84001, was discovered in 1984 in the Allan Hills region of Antarctica. How do we know the meteorite came from Mars? [ALH84001] Meteorite ALH84001 is a softball-sized igneous rock weighing 1.9 kilograms (4.2 pounds). It is one of twelve meteorites discovered on Earth which are thought to be from Mars. Most meteorites formed early in the history of the solar system, some 4.6 billion years ago. Eleven of the twelve martian meteorites have ages less than 1.3 billion years, ALH84001 at 4.5 billion years old being the only exception. All twelve are igneous rocks crystallized from molten magma in a way which suggests they formed in a planetary-sized body, not an asteroid. They have similar oxygen isotope characteristics to each other and higher concentrations of ferric iron, water, and other volatiles than other meteorites. All twelve also show evidence of shock heating, presumably as a result of the impact which ejected them into space. Gas bubbles trapped in one meteorite, EETA79001, have a composition which matches the current martian atmosphere as measured by the Viking Landers, compelling evidence that this meteorite and by association the others, including ALH84001, came from Mars. The evidence for life The indication of life hinges on three important pieces of evidence, all discovered within mineralized fractures in the meteorite in close proximity to each other. One is the discovery of abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the fracture surfaces. These are a family of complex organic molecules which are commonly found on dust grains and certain types of meteorites in outer space, presumably formed by non-biological chemical reactions. However, when micro-organisms die they break down into PAHs as well. The mixture of PAHs found on ALH84001 is very different from that found on dust grains and other meteorites, suggesting the possibility of a biological origin. Thousands of different types of PAHs are found all over the Earth, but those in ALH84001 do not appear to be contaminants which have leaked into the meteorite. Another line of evidence involves unusual mineral phases found beside the PAHs. These carbonate minerals form "globules" about 50 micrometers across, some of which have cores containing manganese and rings of iron carbonate and iron sulfides, and also contain magnetite and pyrrhotite. These minerals bear strong resemblance to mineral alterations caused by primitive bacteria on Earth. This diversity of minerals in such a small area, formed under the presumed conditions, seem to make a non-biological origin unlikely. Finally, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy has revealed the presence of tiny "ovoids" which may actually be fossil remnants of tiny (20 to 100 nanometer) bacteria. If so, they are 100 times smaller than any bacteria microfossils found on Earth, except for some supposed "nanofossils" recently discovered in very young terrestrial rocks, a finding currently not generally accepted as fossil organisms.http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN.NET Taken together, the findings are thought to be strong evidence pointing to primitive bacterial life on Mars. The PAHs, unusual mineral phases, and "microfossils" were all located within a few micrometers of one another, indicating a relationship which may require a biological explanation. However, much work will be done on this in the future, including searching for amino acids, other fossil structures such as cell walls, other types of fossils, and fossils of bacteria frozen in the act of reproducing. Mars is almost certain to have been warmer and wetter in its distant past, so the existence of primitive life has been a tantalizing possibility for some time, but the real search may be just beginning. 6569087 2009-07-22 20:19:48 2009-07-22 20:19:48 open open microfossils-3-mic0001-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6569087 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo 14913139 ridoEfferie http://wordpress.com/ 127.0.0.1 2011-01-19 18:07:46 2011-01-19 18:07:46 I love louis9j9sheehan9esquire.blog.ca! Here I always find a lot of helpful information for myself. Thanks you for your work. Webmaster of http://loveepicentre.com and http://movieszone.eu Best regards 1 0 0 speaking 3.spe.003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/20/speaking-3-spe-003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6550467/ Mon, 20 Jul 2009 03:31:52 +0200 Beforethebigbang 4. Re air and naval strength and navigation on the Pacific. (a) The United States and Japan, both desiring to maintain peace in the Pacific, shall refrain from maintaining in the Pacific naval and air forces of such strength as to constitute a menace to either one of the countries concerned. Specific steps toward this end shall be taken up at the Japanese-American conference. (b) Upon the successful conclusion of the Japanese-American conference, the fleets of their respective countries shall exchange courtesy calls to signify the advent of peace in the Pacific. (c) Upon the settlement of the Japanese-Chinese incident, the Japanese government shall promote in accordance with the wish of and agreement with the U.S. government the recommissioning in the Pacific waters of as many as possible of those vessels which are now in commission. However, the tonnage and other details shall be decided on at the Japanese-American conference. 5. Commercial and financial cooperation between the two countries. (a) After the acceptance of the present proposal by both governments, if goods being exported by either one of the countries is required by the other, the first shall guarantee to supply the second with such goods. (b) Suitable steps shall be taken to revive the same commercial relations existing between the two countries before the abrogation of the Japanese-American Treaty of Commerce. Furthermore, if both countries desire to conclude a new commercial agreement this shall be taken up at the American-Japanese conference and the agreement concluded in the usual manner. In order to promote economic cooperation between the two countries, the United States will agree to extend gold credit to Japan so that she may develop commercial and industrial enterprises which will rebound to economic stability in East Asia and also help to realize Japanese-American economic cooperation. 6. Economic activities of the two countries in the southwest Pacific. (a) Japan guarantees to carry out her expansion in the southwest Pacific, not by force of arms, but by peaceful means. However, the United States shall cooperate and assist Japan in obtaining materials she needs in this area, such as rubber, oil, tin, nickel, etc. 7. The policies of the two countries regarding political stability in the Pacific. (a) Japan and America will not sanction the division or annexation of territory in East Asia and the Pacific by European powers in the future. (b) America and Japan will mutually guarantee the independence of the Philippines, and will discuss means to aid the Philippines whenever she is attacked by a third power. (c) No discriminations shall be shown against Japanese immigrants in the United States and in the southwest Pacific area and they shall enjoy the same privileges as those enjoyed by immigrants of any other friendly nation. (Part 5) Japanese-American conference: (a) Conference between the Japanese delegates and the American delegates shall take place in Honolulu. The conference shall be opened by President Roosevelt representing the United States and by Premier Konoe [sic] representing Japan. Delegates shall be limited to five members each, not including experts and secretaries. Page A-39 (b) No observers of a third power or powers shall be permitted to attend this conference. (c) The conference shall begin, as soon as possible, after the acceptance of the present proposal but shall be limited to discussing specific subjects agreed to by the governments of both countries dealing with prearranged agenda and the text of the present proposal. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Supplementary provision. The application of the present proposal shall remain for the time being the secret of the governments of the two countries concerned and its publication shall be settled between the two governments. End Trans. 4-19-41 No. 47 FROM: Washington (Nomura) TO: Tokyo (Gaimudaijin) 17 April 1941 # 239. Part 1 of 3. See I, No. 48, 49. Part 1 of 3. Secret outside of the department. Re the latter part of my # 235 [a]. Explanations of the proposed agreement article by article, as follows. (1) International and national ideologies that are held in common by both Japan and America. The object of this article is, that inasmuch as the Americans are afraid that Japan is becoming "totalitarian" and take the position that if Japan becomes "totalitarianized" there can be no further negotiations between Japan and America, we would make it plain to them that the ideologies held by Japan are neither "totalitarianism", nor "communism" not yet "democracy", but that they are based upon distinctive traditions that have come down to us from 3000 years back, and that we are not being influenced by any foreign ideologies that are contrary to these. The reason for inserting this article is that they strongly held out for this as being the idea of their highest leaders. Secretary Hull also strongly emphasized this point to me; and looking upon this as a good opportunity for elucidating the Imperial policy, we decided to leave it in after some changes. (2) The attitudes of the two countries toward the European war. This clause has to do with the matter in which we have incurred the most suspicion in these parts, because of the Tripartite agreement, and its objectives are: (a) To make it clear on the one hand that this understanding now under consideration will make no change in the treaty obligations of the Empire incident to the Tripartite agreement, and (b) To do our utmost to restrain the United States from entering the European war, thus living up to the spirit of Article 3 of the Tripartite agreement, while at the same time, (c) Avoiding a break between Japan and the United States, and thus accomplishing the purpose of the conclusion of the Tripartite agreement. (3) The relations of the two countries to the China Incident. At first the American thought that the China Incident might be brought to a conclusion by having the U.S. President undertake "arbitration" proceedings, or "mediation," but on the other hand as it seemed that the Wang regime would absolutely repudiate this, we explained the various reasons why the Imperial government would find it utterly impossible to accept this. Then with the idea of preventing even the semblance of interference from America in the Page A-40 China Incident, the article was put in in this way, with the idea that the President would merely offer his "bons offices" for mediation, and that the negotiations would be carried on directly between Japan and China, and that the Chungking regime would be the ones with whom negotiations would be taken up. Also, as the main essentials in the peace terms, the so-called Konoe three basic principles would be recognized, namely, good neighbor friendly relations, cooperative defense against communism, and economic cooperation. In regard to the withdrawal of troops, it was made clear that the troops would be withdrawn on the basis of a treaty to be concluded between Japan and China, that would avoid any stipulations that would be inconsistent with the treaty dealing with basic relations between Japan and China, and its accompanying documents. As regards the Open Door Policy, the insertion of stipulations concerning special positions in North China and Mongolia, was intended, but, in view of the delicate problem concerning the island of Hainan, this was left out, and the solution of questions pertaining to the interpretation of-the basic principles of the open door and their application was left for future consideration. In regard to immigration they also had their positions to state, but practically speaking there was no objection so this was included.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Then again, it was evident that not to include Manchuria in China's territory, would make the recognition of Manchukuo a condition -----. (continued in part two) No. 48. [a] Not available. Trans. 4-24-41 6550467 2009-07-20 03:31:52 2009-07-20 03:31:52 open open speaking-3-spe-003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6550467 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo saigon 3.sai.0003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/18/saigon-3-sai-0003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6541919/ Sat, 18 Jul 2009 19:45:41 +0200 Beforethebigbang No. 1158 FROM: Tokyo November 17, 1941 TO: Bangkok # 764. Please reply at once regarding the truth of a special message to the Yomiuri that the Thai government announced Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire on the radio on the 16th that PIBUN (Pibul) wishes to resign. Trans. 11-24-41 No. 1159 FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 18. 1941 TO: Tokyo # 818. (Priority.) Re (2) of your #706 [a]. The following are the desires concerning financial activity on the part of the Yokohama Specie Bank. It seems indispensable in carrying out our measures toward Thailand that we have a considerable amount of baht funds made ready early. Especially is this so in view of the financial strain ordinarily felt toward the end of the year as well as of the necessity of purchasing necessary materials. Notwithstanding all this, the attitude of the Thaiese government regarding the question of raising the desired amount of baht remains indefinite. With regard to the Bank Syndicate's application for future credit, they have been following a policy of procrastination and have so far accomplished nothing. Although we are doing whatever is within our power, the negotiations concerning the sale of gold to Thailand are such as not to permit any optimism. Furthermore, these negotiations may be expected to require many days for their consummation. I understand that the Finance Ministry already has a plan of its own for negotiating this question. We may expect that the attitude of the Thaiese government would automatically become clear to us as these negotiations proceed but, since it may become necessary, after all, for us to resort to political means for reaching a solution of the question, I would appreciate your informing us at once the policy which is to be followed in that case. [a] Not available. Trans. 12-6-41 No. 1160 FROM: Tokyo (TIXNS (HEAD, GEN. AFFAIRS DEPT.)) November 15, 1941 TO: Bangkok (RIKUGUN) # 136. In view of the present critical situation, even in the code messages be careful in the use of terms that might reveal our operational plans. Take care to see that perfect secrecy is maintained regarding our plans. DoD Comment: Note date of translation. Trans. 3-16-45 A-523 No. 1162 (No 1161 in text. LWJ) FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 20, 1941 TO: Tokyo # 822. Message to Hanoi # 35. (To be handled in government code.) In view of present circumstances, I wish to send the Imperial portrait to you for safe keeping for awhile. Secretary TANIGUCHI will take it by airplane, leaving here on the 21st. Will you please send someone to meet him at the airfield. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Departmental secret. Address Saigon. 6541919 2009-07-18 19:45:41 2009-07-18 19:45:41 open open saigon-3-sai-0003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6541919 publish 0 0 post 0 minge 4.min.002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/09/minge-4-min-002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6481789/ Thu, 09 Jul 2009 23:07:05 +0200 Beforethebigbang Synopsis Towelie writes a book and it gets selected for Oprah’s book club. It becomes a best seller with everyone getting a lot help for their addictions; until a faction of Oprah's staff leak the truth about the book. Full Recap Towelie is working as a waiter at P.F. Chang's but because of his continued drug use he gets fired. He decides to write a book about his life and when he takes it to a publisher it is rejected. Towelie decides to try and become a little less irresponsible, once he gets another good idea after getting high one last time. He rewrites his memoir from the standpoint of a person and gets his book A Million Little Fibers published under the name of Steven McTowelie. Towelie makes an appearance on Oprah, and during the interview Oprah's "minge" comments on the lack of attention it has been receiving. Oprah's been too busy to spend any time with her "minge." Oprah announces that the book has been selected for her book club and it becomes a best-seller. Oprah's "minge" continues to lament his situation, then her asshole "Gary" chimes in with similar complaints. They decide the only way they will ever get any attention is if Oprah doesn't work anymore. Her "minge" knows that Towelie isn't a person and decides to use this information to get Oprah discredited. They get hold of Geraldo Rivera and give him the inside information on Oprah's latest author. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Towelie appears on Larry King Live and Geraldo calls in, reporting from Afghanistan and reveals that Steven McTowelie is in fact a towel. Oprah's body parts celebrate believing that it is the beginning of the end. Outside Towelie's hotel, the readers are protesting. Oprah gets Towelie to agree to come back on the show and explain why he made certain changes in his book. Towelie gets just a little high before his appearance, and goes on the show in that condition. On the show Oprah turns the tables and reads him the riot act. She gets her fans to rise up against Towelie, she gives everyone torches and Towelie a five second head start. They catch and surround Towelie, until Oprah's "minge" pulls out a gun and begins making demands. In a showdown with a uniform cop, the "minge" shoots the officer and holds everyone hostage. Towelie decides he needs to do something about this situation he's gotten them all into and he resolves to do it without getting high. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Geraldo reports live from Chicago on the scene of the hostage situation created by Oprah's vagina. The police attempt to negotiate, Oprah's asshole has second thoughts, but her vagina is committed since it has killed a cop. Towelie slips under a door and frees the hostages free, giving the SWAT team member a clear shot. The shot is fired, Oprah's vagina is missed, but bullet gets the asshole. The asshole is dying and the vagina tries to provide it some comfort. Then the vagina shoots itself. Afterwards, Towelie resolves to only get high, after he gets ideas to reward himself. 6481789 2009-07-09 23:07:05 2009-07-09 23:07:05 open open minge-4-min-002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6481789 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo conspiracy 3.cons.0003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/08/conspiracy-3-cons-0003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6475080/ Wed, 08 Jul 2009 21:23:00 +0200 Beforethebigbang Synopsis Cartman reveals who masterminded the attacks of 9/11, while Kyle and Stan search for the real truth; meanwhile Mr. Mackey just wants to know who dropped the deuce in the urinal. Full Recap Mr. Mackey comes into the classroom and speaks to the boys of the 4th grade class. Someone has pooped in the urinal and he wants to know who is responsible. Cartman suggests that it might be a conspiracy, like the one that surrounds attacks of 9/11. Mr. Mackey works with the police to solve the mystery, but when they are at a loss they suggest calling in “The Hardly Boys,” who go off following one of their clues in “The Mystery of the Urinal Turd.” When Kyle thinks he a retard for believing in the 9/11 conspiracy, Cartman decides to look for support of his position and does some research (via a montage to the song) and finds the truth about 9/11. At “Show and Tell” the following day, Cartman gives a PowerPoint report where he spews out a lot of gibberish which ultimately leads to his conclusion that it was Kyle who was responsible for the attacks of 9/11 and the urinal deuce. Everyone at school begins to treat Kyle differently. When he tells his mother, she brings the issue to the PTA. The PTA and Mr. Mackey decide that the only way they will get to the bottom of the mystery of 9/11 and the urinal deuce is to call in “The Hardly Boys,” who go off following one of their clues in #37 “The Case of the World Trade Center Conspiracy”. Outside of Kyle’s house, government agents are watching the house. Stan comes in and tells Kyle there is an organization who can help clear his name from the 9/11 conspiracy. Mr. Mackey is still determined to find out who dropped the urinal deuce, when he is told the culprit has been found. Stan and Kyle arrive at the home of the guy who runs the website 911Truth.Org, and the guy there tells them that the government was responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Kyle believes that the guy is retarded and the boys are with the “nut job.” Mr. Mackey interrogates Clyde, who laughs at Mr. Mackey’s accusations and when Clyde’s parents arrive, they tell Mr. Mackey why their son couldn’t commit the crime. In Washington, DC Kyle, Stan and the 911Truth.org “nut job” are brought to the Oval Office in the White House, where the President reveals to them the truth about 9/11 attacks that the “sheeple” will continue to believe and he shoots the 911Truth.org “nut job” in the head. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The boys manage to escape after Cheney misses while trying to shoot them. Back in Colorado, Mr. Mackey reveals the reason that Clyde couldn’t haven’t “squeezed out the chocolate hot dog” he resolves to find the boy who did it if it’s the last thing he does. Halfway home Stan and Kyle are walking down the streets of Chicago, when they see that the guy from 911Truth.Org is still alive. They chase him down and the guy is shot by a man with a beard, who takes the boys to his home. The man reveals himself to be a detective, but mystery was solved by his mystery loving sons, “The Hardly Boys.” The clues they started following at the school’s turd mystery led them to some 9/11 conspiracy group party. This led to more clues and ultimately the solution that all the 9/11 conspiracy websites are run by the government, which makes the 9/11 conspiracy is a government conspiracy. For the government to remain in power they have to give Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire the appearance they are in complete control, what better way than to make people think they are capable of the most elaborate plan on Earth. The President and his entourage arrive on the scene and confirm that theory. Stan pulls a gun on Kyle and confesses that he was the one that took the dump in the urinal, so that he wouldn’t miss recess and the government was willing to take the blame for it as long as it also made them look responsible for 9/11. As for who is really responsible for 9/11, it was just “pissed off Muslims.” Later back at South Park Elementary, Stan Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire pays the price for his crime and cleans the urinal. 6475080 2009-07-08 21:23:00 2009-07-08 21:23:00 open open conspiracy-3-cons-0003-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6475080 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo upset 3.ups.002002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/08/upset-3-ups-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6469696/ Wed, 08 Jul 2009 04:11:26 +0200 Beforethebigbang Synopsis Mr. Garrison decides to get a sex change operation, a vaginaplasty which prompts Kyle to want a negroplasty so he can be tall and black enough to play basketball. Full Recap Mr. Garrison is getting a vaginaplasty. He felt that he has been a woman trapped in a man's body and he feels that he will finally be happy when he gets the sex-change. Dr. Biber (the one doing the operation) thinks that if more people could see a sex-change operation, it would show how natural it is. After some real life footage of a sex-change, Mr. Garrison became Mrs. Garrison. Meanwhile at the Denver Convention Center, Kyle wants to try out for the All-State Basketball team. Stan wishes him good luck while Cartman thinks that he won't do well because he's Jewish. Kyle fails in comparison to the other children because all of them are tall and black. Kyle is devastated and Cartman tries to make fun of him. In town, everyone learns of Mr. Garrison's sex-change. Mrs. Garrison tries to act like a woman: She wants her first period; she pees sitting down; wants to know about tampons; and wants to go see a sad movie with other girls (however the other girls don't want to be with her). The boys learn of Mr. Garrison's sex-change as well. Kyle asks his mother what that is. Gerald (Kyle's dad) wants to take Kyle & Ike out of that school. Sheila (Kyle's mom) says that he is acting very closed minded and she tells Kyle that some people's insides don't match their outsides so they change it. Kyle understands. He and Stan go to Dr. Biber and Kyle requests a negroplasty, to make him tall and black. At Mrs. Garrison's home, Mr. Slave is upset. He turns down sex because he is gay and does not like girls. Mr. Slave tells him that he did not think of others before the operation. Mrs. Garrison just tells him to act straight so Mr. Slave leaves her and Mrs. Garrison just calls him a 'fag'. Kyle asks his parents for $3000 for the negroplasty (Gerald is wearing a dolphin T-shirt). Kyle claims that all his life, he felt black but all his parents say in 'no". Gerald goes over to Dr. Biber's office to yell at him. When he gets there, Gerald tells him that he is a lawyer that is going to sue for malpractice and have the clinic shut down. Just then, Dr. Biber sees dolphins on Gerald's shirt and convinces him to have a dolphinoplasty. Mrs. Garrison goes in a Girls Gone Wild video. Later, she asks another woman why she did not have her period yet. She tells Mrs. Garrison that it usually means you are pregnant. Mrs. Garrison happily leaves for an abortion clinic. At his home, Gerald (who just had the operation to look like a dolphin) convinces Sheila to let Kyle have an operation too. After the negroplasty, all of Kyle's friends are amazed about how he changed. Now, Gerald is going to drive Kyle back to the all-star game to see if he can try out for the team again. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire At the abortion clinic, Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Mrs. Garrison tells the doctors that she wants an abortion. The doctor tells him that he can't have an abortion because he is still physically incapable of getting pregnant. Mrs. Garrison learns that she just paid $5000 just for nothing. She rushes into Dr. Biber's clinic (while he's giving a peniplasty). He tells her that he can't change her back because he gave his balls to a boy wanting to be black (Kyle) and used his scrotum for a man wanting to be a dolphin (Gerald). Mrs. Garrison forces him to help search for those parts. They find Stan, Cartman, & Kenny and they tell him that Kyle is playing basketball. Biber tells them that when he plays the game, the balls in his knees will explode. The five of them rush to the game. At the game, Kyle is about to play. The group gets in without paying and recruits the help of Gerald to help. They are chased by the security but make it to the court. Unfortunately, the plan fails. Dr. Biber will change Gerald and Kyle back to normal for a nominal fee. As for Mrs. Garrison, she rather stay a woman who can't have periods than be a fag. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6469696 2009-07-08 04:11:26 2009-07-08 04:11:26 open open upset-3-ups-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6469696 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo taboos 4.tab.0 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/03/taboos-4-tab-0-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6445237/ Fri, 03 Jul 2009 23:53:15 +0200 Beforethebigbang Just as it's inappropriate to wish an actor good luck before going onstage -- instead, you tell him to break a leg -- so we have many other speech taboos and semi-taboos. Instead of saying "God be with you" we use the euphemism "Good-Bye". I don't know know whether this is because of a taboo against taking the Lord's name in vain or something else, but our language is sprinkled with these niceties. Rarely do people confront one another with the stark fact that someone died. Instead, you may hear so-and-so "passed" or "passed away." With the recent spate of celebrity deaths, a list on my site has achieved some popularity, perhaps because people are looking for novel ways to say that FF, MJ, etc. have died. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6445237 2009-07-03 23:53:15 2009-07-03 23:53:15 open open taboos-4-tab-0-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6445237 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo kecksburg 4.kec.0002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/07/01/kecksburg-4-kec-0002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6428987/ Wed, 01 Jul 2009 04:18:26 +0200 Beforethebigbang Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire The first of a number of articles on the Kecksburg UFO crash. A weird unknown object came down near the hamlet of Kecksburg, Pennsylvania on December 9, 1965, and got whisked away by the military. The Kecksburg crash was immediately preceded by a bright fireball seen by thousands that passed over the Great Lakes region. However, a 1967 astronomy article claimed the fireball trajectory was at right angles to a trajectory needed to take the fireball in the direction of Kecksburg. Some debunkers claim this "proves" that the fireball had nothing to do with Kecksburg. However, this analysis is subjected to true skeptical review here. It turns out that tiny, easily-made errors in triangulation can account for the discrepancy. Mathematical evidence from the smoke trail photos used in the original triangulation strongly suggests the proposed trajectory was probably badly in error. Includes scanned photos of the smoketrail from the article and alternate trajectory maps. (Note: the Cosmos 96 Venus probe at right, which superficially resembles what was seen at Kecksburg and has been previously offered as a skeptical explanation, was conclusively ruled out as a crash object by NASA in 2003.) 6428987 2009-07-01 04:18:26 2009-07-01 04:18:26 open open kecksburg-4-kec-0002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6428987 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo bta 3.bta.01001 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/06/20/bta-3-bta-01001-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6352217/ Sat, 20 Jun 2009 21:44:22 +0200 Beforethebigbang FAMILY ties can make or break a person in Kazakhstan. They help when it comes to advancing a career, be it in business or in politics. Kazakh tradition requires you to support your relatives whenever possible. If your family lacks clout, an alternative is to attach yourself to a well-placed patron. One drawback with this system, however, is that it works both ways: if the patron falls for whatever reason, it almost always leads to the downfall of everyone connected with him. This helps explain the shocking, unprecedented numbers of Kazakhstani officials and businessmen in trouble in recent months. Ekspert Kazakhstan, a business weekly, this month carried a picture of a faceless man in a dark suit and tie, covered with horizontal white stripes and the headline “Everyone is being put in clink!” Some older people talk of troubling echoes of Stalin’s purges in the late 1930s. That is ludicrous. Nobody has died. But a seemingly arbitrary wave of arrests—mostly on charges of corruption and embezzlement—and the obvious lack of legal protection against it have fostered a climate of fear. The timing seems bizarre. Kazakhstan is about to achieve a long-coveted badge of international respectability, by taking over in 2010 the one-year chairmanship of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). It won this honour thanks to the government’s pledge to improve legislation in areas such as the freedom of the press and political parties. Now, because of the extra attention it will bring, the OSCE role may actually backfire. Kazakhstan could find its international image even murkier. But domestic politics now trump any diplomatic concerns. Yevgenii Zhovtis, a well-known human-rights activist, detects signs of “a brutal internal war among the elites”, to clear the way for a successor to the long-serving authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, whose term ends in 2012. Mr Zhovtis says it is anybody’s guess to what extent Mr Nazarbayev himself is involved. The political turmoil was triggered in part by the impact of the global economic crisis on Kazakhstan, an oil-rich country that was booming until 2007, and the weakened state of both private and state companies. In February this year BTA Bank, then Kazakhstan’s largest bank, was nationalised, ostensibly to prevent its collapse, and its chairman, Mukhtar Ablyazov, a one-time opposition leader, stripped of his position. He left the country for exile in London from where he has been railing against the nationalisation, while avoiding a criminal investigation into alleged racketeering and money-laundering. Since other members of his management team also left hastily, the authorities are vigorously pursuing other leads, spreading fear among the remaining BTA employees. A letter to an opposition newspaper described a BTA employee so frightened by a summons from the authorities that she went into hiding. The letter claimed that the authorities then detained her mother instead and held her for three days. Overall, more than a dozen BTA managers have been arrested and are expected to go on trial some time this summer. A number of senior officials have also been arrested on charges of corruption, including the deputy ministers of environment and defence and the deputy head of the statistics agency. A few other bank and company managers fearing the same fate have chosen to disappear. The biggest shock, however, was the arrest in late May of Mukhtar Dzhakishev, the much-respected head of the state nuclear agency, Kazatomprom, and friend of Mr Ablyazov. Mr Dzhakishev was accused of stealing Kazakhstan’s uranium deposits, which, given the strict oversight of the industry, seems unlikely. His deputies are being held as potential witnesses and are said to have been mistreated. In all, eight of his associates have been arrested. Despite official claims that all these cases are unrelated criminal investigations, most observers see a political motive, even if it is unclear who is to benefit. The crackdown has dented foreign investors’ confidence in the country and is causing many to wonder who is next. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire 6352217 2009-06-20 21:44:22 2009-06-20 21:44:22 open open bta-3-bta-01001-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6352217 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo KURIYA of the Ooki store 5.liv.300300 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/06/18/kuriya-of-the-ooki-store-5-liv-300300-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6329716/ Thu, 18 Jun 2009 00:03:07 +0200 Beforethebigbang No. 1132 FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 5, 1941 TO: Tokyo #771. Re your #697 [a]. As for your instructions to purchase 700,000 tons of Thai rice, I have placed our request with the Thai Government for a contract formally specifying the entire amount and the price, but judging from present conditions it will be impossible for the Thai Government to give outward consent to this. I think it would be possible for Thai to give secret consent to Japan's request for 700,000 tons, and then we should plan to make successive small purchases and shipments as rapidly as possible resulting finally in the securing of the 700,000 tons. WANITTO also believes that this is the only possible and feasible plan, and he is confident that it can be worked out. Please ask Consul General Asada, who expects to return to Japan shortly, about the situation. On the basis of such a plan, I could make contract at once for an additional 50,000 tons for the same loading month, the same price and as the 150,000 tons already contracted. Is it all right to make such a contract? [a] Not available. Trans. 11-12-41 A-513 No. 1133 FROM: Tokyo (Togo) November 5, 1941 TO: Bangkok #728. (Secret.) Re your # 756 [a]. We are remitting the money for the purchase of ten large instruments. Please purchase (?) them and wire the results immediately. We wish to arrange for an increase in this equipment. [a] See IV, 1126. Trans. 11-12-41 No. 1134 FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 6, 1941 TO: Tokyo #773. Re your # 6634. The Economics Minister told me as follows: "The Sumatra Maru contains much freight (including armaments) for British possessions. We have been impartially prohibiting re-export of such things but recently as a result of consultation with the Foreign Office we are considering permission for the re-export of this whole shipload. We have presented the case to the Premier and expect his approval but intend to press him again for a quick decision." This is all for the present. [a] Not available. Trans. 11-13-41 No. 1135 FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 6, 1941 TO: Tokyo # 777. From Consul General ISONO in care of Courier TSURUMI who arrived from Rangoon on the 6th: At 3:00 a.m., on the 5th a detachment of special officers (Burmese and Chinese policemen under British direction) invaded the home of Vice Consul HOMMA while he was asleep and after a hard search found and seized his diary and some Japanese Government publications (nothing in the latter to worry about). Moreover, on the same night a number of policemen broke into the home of UDAMAN, the Burmese chief clerk of the Japanese Consulate and arrested him and took him away. Trans. 11-13-41 No. 1136 FROM: Bangkok (Tubokami) November 6, 1941 TO: Tokyo # 778. (Urgent.) A-514 THE "MAGIC" BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR From Consul General ISONO by the same routing as my # 777 [a].http://Louis1J1Sheehan1Esquire.us I suspect that the officials of this country are typing up code messages sent to and from this office. Will you please wire me whether # 455 [b] sent from this office on the 5th has been received by the Foreign Office. [a] See IV, 1135. [b] Not available. Trans. 11-12-41 No. 1137 FROM: Bangkok (SIAMD) November 4, 1941 TO: Tokyo (SUMMER, Vice Chief, Gen. Staff) # 385. (Part 2.) [a] From a military point of view too, it will be advantageous to convince the governing classes here of our superiority by utilizing our special Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire knowledge to propagandize the following opinions. 1. The English (? military force ?) in Burma and Malaya is definitely inferior . 2. If Japan and England were both to send military forces to Siam, our force would be definitely superior . 3. The forces of the "ABD" would be isolated from their homelands at the outbreak of the war and their fate would be ready destruction. 4. Our relations with Russia are progressing favorably in leaps and bounds. 5. The Imperial Army is definitely superior . [a] Only part available. DoD Comment: Note date of translation Trans. 3-16-45 No. 1138 FROM: Bangkok (SIAMD) November 5, 1941 TO: Tokyo (-M-) # 396. To Vice-Chief of Staff and Saigon: According to "A" [a] intelligence here, the British Army is rushing plans for the defense of LASHIO. This fact, taken together with the piling up of aeroplane gas at each airfield around LASHIO, as reported in (? Bangkok ?) wire # 379 [b] is a piece of information which is of interest in estimating enemy plans. [a] Sent as the English letter "A". [b] Not available. DoD Comment: Note date of translation Trans. 2-14-45 A-515 No. 1139 FROM: Bangkok (SIAMD) November 5, 1941 TO: Tokyo # 398. In my conference yesterday, the 3rd, with the attaches of the German and Italian legations in (? Bangkok ?) I questioned the effectiveness of the British forces in Malaya and Burma. The attachés were of the opinion that, considering the present greatly reenforced strength of the British troops, and especially in view of the superiority of their flying instruments, if an enemy attacked Malaya or Burma it would be impossible to avoid a pitched battle. According to the attaché's study British shipping is also considerable. The above is for your reference. Please communicate to Vice Chief of Staff IIDA. DoD Comment: Note date of translation. Trans. 2-13-45 No. 1140 FROM: Tokyo (Togo) November 6, 1941 TO: Bangkok # 730. (Message to Shanghai # 1119.) (Departmental Secret.) To help along with our special activities in Thai, we have completed our preparations to open a Chinese drug dispensary, rather one ostensibly Chinese. In order to secure just the right fixtures, I am sending Mr. YOSHIZUMI KURIYA of the Tokyo Ooki Drug Store to your city as a special agent. I want him to work out certain details with a store he deals with called the Miyayoshi Dispensary. Will you also have Vice-Consul IWAI join them in their discussions. 1. The exportation of Japanese goods is under control. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire We will have them sent from the 6th Section of the Investigation Division to your office, and you will re-export them. 2. I am sending you 16,500 yen. Have Mr. KURIYA of the Ooki store buy such Chinese and other foreign drugs as he sees fit, and have them all sent immediately as pure Chinese exports to Bangkok. Please give Mr. KURIYA 1,500 yen for traveling expenses. 3. The name of the Bangkok dispensary and its location are as follows: John's Dispensary, 128 Wokhumgin Hwasomphone, Bangkok, Thailand. A copy of this message has been sent to Bangkok. Note: The above address given also in Chinese, Thaiese, and Japanese. 6329716 2009-06-18 00:03:07 2009-06-18 00:03:07 open open kuriya-of-the-ooki-store-5-liv-300300-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6329716 publish 0 0 post 0 ufo mary magdalene 9.mm.002002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire http://Louis9J9Sheehan9esquire.blog.ca/2009/06/12/mary-magdalene-9-mm-002002-louis-j-sheehan-esquire-6286877/ Fri, 12 Jun 2009 03:41:20 +0200 Beforethebigbang Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire FROM: http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0602498.htm WASHINGTON (CNS) -- The fanciful fictions about Mary Magdalene in Dan Brown's "The Da Vinci Code" are not the only errors about the biblical saint that modern scholars are seeking to correct. They are also trying to set straight centuries of erroneous Christian tradition regarding her that developed, especially in the West. In A.D. 591 Pope St. Gregory the Great preached a sermon in which he identified as one person the New Testament figures of Mary Magdalene, the sinful woman who anointed Jesus' feet and washed them with her tears, and the Mary who was the sister of Lazarus and Martha of Bethany. Although he was only reflecting a tradition that had gained some ground in the West (and was resisted by many of the church's early theologians), the sermon became a reference point for later scholarship, teaching and preaching in the West, Father Raymond F. Collins, a New Testament scholar at The Catholic University of America, said in an interview. The Greek Fathers -- the great theologians of the early church in the East, who wrote in Greek -- consistently maintained that Mary Magdalene, the unnamed repentant sinner and Mary of Bethany were three distinct women. That remains the tradition in the Orthodox churches. The identification of Mary Magdalene as a repentant sinful woman was solidified in the Latin Church for centuries by the use of that story, reported in the seventh chapter of Luke, as the Gospel reading for Mary Magdalene's feast, July 22. In fact, in the Roman Calendar before the Second Vatican Council, the day was called the feast of "Mary Magdalene, penitent." Father Collins noted that this changed in 1969 with the reform of the Roman Missal and the Roman Calendar. Since then the Gospel reading for Mary Magdalene's feast has been Chapter 20, verses 1-2 and 11-18, of the Gospel of John. The first two verses tell of her coming to Jesus' tomb early Sunday morning, finding it empty and running to tell Peter and John that someone has removed Jesus' body. The second part of the reading tells of Mary staying behind, weeping, after Peter and John leave, and the risen Jesus speaking to her and telling her to announce to the rest of his followers, "I have seen the Lord." Sister Elizabeth A. Johnson, a theologian at Fordham University and a Sister of St. Joseph, said the version of Mary Magdalene as "the prostitute to whom Jesus forgave much and who loved him ... took on a profound Christian ideal of a sinner who repents and therefore is a model for Christians in that way. But what got lost in the process was her actual role as a leader of witnessing to the Resurrection in the early church." Of the repentant prostitute version of the Magdalene, she said, "What a lot of us who've done some work on her say is ... it's a wrong one and in the process it's robbing us of (appreciation of) women's leadership at a crucial moment in the early church. In other words, in a way it's easier ... to deal with her as a repentant sinner than as she emerges in the Gospels in her own right." So who is the real Mary Magdalene? Father Collins, who wrote the "Mary Magdalene" article in the Anchor Bible Dictionary, told Catholic News Service, "Luke describes Mary Magdalene as a woman from whom Jesus cast out seven demons, and that characterization of Mary Magdalene is repeated in the longer canonical ending of Mark's Gospel." But he noted that in Jesus' time it was not uncommon to attribute physical or mental afflictions to demonic possession and this did not imply that the possessed person was sinful. "Whatever affected Mary Magdalene was considered to be the effect of demonic possession so she would not have been considered a public sinner the way the medieval legends have made her out to be," he said. He said she is called the Magdalene because she comes from Magdala, "a fishing village up in northern Galilee." He said one also learns from Luke "that she supported Jesus from her resources," suggesting that she was a woman of some means, and that she was one of several women from Galilee who were disciples of Jesus and followed him. Luke's Gospel is the only one that mentions Mary Magdalene by name in the narration of Jesus' public ministry. But all four Gospel writers place her as a witness to Jesus' death on the cross, a witness to his burial and the chief witness to his resurrection, making her one of the most significant female figures in the Gospels apart from Jesus' own mother, Mary. Sister Elizabeth said that when one looks at the Magdalene's biblical role as the one the risen Christ appears to and commissions to announce the good news to the others it has "many implications for how we tell the story of the origins of the church. There is the typical story of where Jesus chose the Twelve and put Peter in charge and the women, you know, were accessories. When you put Mary Magdalene into the picture, you can't tell the story that way so simply anymore." When asked for her own view of what that should mean for the church today, she said, "I would draw the implication that if the risen Christ saw fit to ask a woman to go and preach the good news of his resurrection, the church should do no less nowadays." END FROM: http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0506.asp Pope Gregory, who became pope in 590 A.D., clinched Mary’s mistaken reputation as sinner when he delivered a powerful homily in which he combined Luke’s anonymous sinful woman (Lk 7:36-50) with Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene. He said, “She whom Luke calls the sinful woman, whom John calls Mary, we believe to be the Mary from whom seven devils were ejected according to Mark. And what did these seven devils signify, if not all the vices?” Gregory, like the much later Anthony of Padua (1195-1231) and many other famous preachers, loved to give a moral “spin” or interpretation to Scripture. How could the pope as pastor use the story of the Magdalene to encourage repentance during a time of famine and war in Rome? The seven devils morphed into the seven capital sins, and Mary Magdalene began to be condemned not only for lust but for pride and covetousness as well, just to add insult to injury. But, the pope concluded in a sentence that rehabilitates Mary into an example of conversion, “She turned the mass of her crimes to virtues, in order to serve God entirely in penance.” Elizabeth Johnson imputes no slanderous motives to the pope, who obviously had no access to the contemporary scriptural scholarship that helps modern readers to sort such things out. The pope used the Magdalene as a “type,” a stereotype, and probably didn’t think she’d mind. But contemporary biblical scholarship, encouraged by Vatican II and accessing resources never dreamed of in the sixth century A.D., confirms that there were several Marys. “If we go on making Mary Magdalene a prostitute when we have clear evidence to the contrary, that would be deliberate,” an intentional falsehood, says Johnson. And women in the Church and beyond might well wonder why. Marys the Magdalene is not What new insights lead biblical scholars to separate Mary the sinner from Mary Magdalene? Here’s some of their reasoning. One person and one place—such as Jesus of Nazareth, Joseph of Arimathea, Simon of Cyrene, Mary of Magdala—are connected frequently in the Gospels. Mary of Magdala (a.k.a. Mary Magdalene) is actually named more often than Mary the Mother of Jesus. Scholars conclude, using this kind of analysis, that when a woman named Mary is not called the Magdalene, that’s not who is intended. According to this rationale, she is not the “